Essay on Challenges Facing America - 741 Words

Challenges Facing America One of the most important responsibilities of our nation is to protect and serve its citizens. As the new millennium begins, our nation must overcome many challenges that affect this responsibility. Three of the most important are terrorism, illiteracy, and the lack of moral values. Americans have considered terrorism as a horror that occurs in other countries and not as a real threat to America itself. As the recent terrorist attacks on our nation shows, this opinion was gravely incorrect. There are several policies in both the private sector and our government, which contributed to our vulnerability to terrorism. Most people assume that all luggage and passengers are closely screened before they are†¦show more content†¦Often foreign students never show up for school and roam freely through this country without anyone’s knowledge. The best way to prevent terrorist attacks in the future is by the gathering of information about terrorist schemes while they are in the planning process. The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is the agency responsible for gathering this information. Since the Watergate scandal of the 1970’s, it has been hindered both in the planning of intelligence operations and in tactics used to gather the intelligence. Intelligence operatives can never effectively help in the prevention of future attacks if they do not have the leeway necessary to gather information about such attacks while the terrorists are in the process of planning them. In addition to terrorism, our nation must consider the problem of illiteracy. The right and freedoms of an illiterate citizen are more limited than those of citizens who can read or write are. Voting is a privilege and right that all Americans are entitled to, but an illiterate person cannot take advantage of this right because of their inability to read. They cannot read newspapers or any other material that would help them form an opinion on which candidate would best serve their interests. Most rarely, go to the polls because they cannot read the ballot. Their voice continues to go unheard. An illiterate person has few jobShow MoreRelatedEssay Challenges Facing New Immigrants in America1122 Words   |  5 Pages America is often known as the land of opportunity, a place where you can be free. Many Immigrants came to America so that they could have a greater possibility at succeeding in life. Immigrants took a leap of faith when coming to America, for some it worked out well but for others they had a difficult time here. Despite the struggles that the immigrants encountered such as; standing out from others, being separated from their families, and breaking their culture, the immigrants areRead MoreThat Can Be Us By Thomas Friedman And Michael Mandelbaum1561 Words   |  7 Pages That Used to be Us by Thomas Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum discusses the four major challenges that the United States faces, globalization, the IT revolution, chronic deficits, and energy consumption. The authors also give plausible solutions to the problems facing America and s tress the point that if something is not done now then the United States will face the consequences. Is the American Century Over? by Joseph Nye argues that the American century is not over, and gives scenarios of possibleRead MoreThe American Civil War : Three Perspectives1629 Words   |  7 PagesStates lost the Civil War is based on three articles, each with a different perspective. According to Died of Democracy by David Donald, the Confederates were defeated because of internal challenges facing the 11 Sothern States seeking independence. Some of the challenges facing the Confederate States of America included a predominantly agricultural economy and slave revolts. In Why the South Lost by Beringer et al., the authors argue that the Confederates lost because of their weak nationalism, whichRead MoreConsumer Opinions And Observations Regarding The American Auto Industry847 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat majority is even willing to pay more for a made in America product, based on beliefs that these products are better quality, have better safety standards and because someone in the family has a shared belief, which supports American values. â€Å"But in our increasingly complex global economy, how much meaning does a label stating â€Å"Made in America† still hold?† (Made in America - Consumer Reports, n.d.) Where the concept of made in America has struggled most is in the auto industry. â€Å"To help consumersRead MoreEssay : Jamestown And The Founding Of America1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthat were available, food and water, and even a change in people. This meant that there were some challenges that these people had to face, and in order to survive, these people must find solutions to this. It is apparent in the texts, â€Å"Settlement: Jamestown and the Founding of America† by James Horn and â€Å"A Day on the Trail† by Jerry Miller. In these texts, they both show the similarity of having challenges with the Native Americans, as well as having different solutions to overcome it. 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The capacity of each train and how the cost is structured differs from North America to Europe due to infrastructural and institutional reaso n. Many railway networks throughoutRead MoreChanging Business Management Styles: Celebrity Cruise Lines Case Study1803 Words   |  7 Pagescase of Celebrity Cruise Lines, the company is undergoing similar challenges. To respond to these issues, the firm has been moving away from their core business model (i.e. medium sized ships and small markets). As time has gone by, executives have realized the need for competing more aggressively. This has caused the firm to increase the risks they are taking in order to receive a larger reward. To determine the challenges facing the company, we will analyze these issues and provide possible solutionsRead MoreThe Crisis Of American Politics795 Words   |  4 PagesThe authors of this book gave a vivid picture of how America has lost his way in the world that it invented. They went further to portray how America has been on a decline both economically and politically based on many challenges they are facing presently like inability to adapt to gl obalization, acclimatizing with the revolution in information technology, battling with chronic deficits because of its increasing weight on government, and pattern of excessive energy consumption. Additionally, theyRead MoreChallenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a myriad of challenges facing the American auto industry. Environmental challenges, however, are the most difficult ones to face and overcome. Some environmental issues that effect the American auto industry are; global competition in the industry, new technology for powering the product that this industry produces, the effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions to this, and consumer opinions about the product. â€Å"An analysis of the external environment is a part of the

Deciding Between Olympics or Baseball for My Reasearch Paper

Deciding on a topic for my multi-genre English project was harder than I had expected. Considering how much information is available, different viewpoints of the issue and whether or not the subject would be interesting enough made finalizing a topic difficult for me. I narrowed my choices down to the Olympic Games or Major League Baseball, as I have a strong interest in sports, especially baseball. While researching the Olympics, I was able to find plenty of information. When I first started my Google search, I simply typed in â€Å"Olympics,† which gave me over 200 million results. From there, I narrowed down my Google searches into much more specific categories, such as the history of the Olympics, steroids in the Olympics and Special†¦show more content†¦From there, I simplified my searches into more narrow areas, such as the history of Major League Baseball, steroids in the MLB and spring training for Major League Baseball. These subtopics gave me fewer results, averaging in the 50 million range. With this many results for the narrowed topics, taking different view points in each paper to the broader topic would be easy. Using the same database as I did for the Olympics, EBSCO, I was able to find almost 26,000 results for Major League Baseball. The subcategories resulted in fewer sources, around 1,000 each. Google Scholar also offered a sufficient amount of sources, about 1 million for Major League Baseball in general, and around 40,000 for each narrowed search. Both the database results and Google Scholar results provided me with more educated writings and information on Major League Baseball than that of Google. Again, eBooks seemed to be the most logical answer to finding print sources on Major League Baseball. I was able to find over 100 eBooks, on one site alone, with information regarding Major League Baseball. The information I found on Major League Baseball was interesting and ample. Using the sources I found while researching the t opic would lead to a well written multi-genre project. After considering many topics for my multi-genre English project, I was able to narrow it down to the Olympics or Major League Baseball. Then, after researching both subjects, analyzing the amount

Barton Clara Essay Research Paper Clarissa Harlowe free essay sample

Barton, Clara Essay, Research Paper Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Her male parent, Captain Stephen Barton, was a husbandman, horsebreeder, and respected member of the community. Her female parent, Sarah, managed the family and taught Barton the importance of cleanliness. Barton was the youngest of 5 kids. At the eruption of the Civil War, Barton resigned from the Patent Office to work as a voluntary. She advertised for supplies and distributed patchs, socks, and other goods to assist the hurt soldiers. In 1862, Barton was granted permission to present supplies straight to the forepart, which she did without fail for the following two old ages. In 1864, Barton was given the place of overseer of Union nurses. After the war, she received permission from President Lincoln to get down a letter-writing run to seek for losing soldiers. During the old ages following the war, Barton lectured about her war experiences, continued her work at the Office of Correspondence, and worked with the suffragist motion. We will write a custom essay sample on Barton Clara Essay Research Paper Clarissa Harlowe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, by 1869, Barton had worked herself into a physical dislocation. She followed her physician # 8217 ; s orders and traveled to Europe to rest and recover her wellness. It was during this trip that Barton learned about the Treaty of Geneva, which provided alleviation for ill and wounded soldiers. Twelve states had signed the pact, but the United States had refused. Barton vowed to look into the affair. During this clip, Barton besides learned about the Red Cross. When Barton returned to the United Stat Es in 1873, she began her campaign for the Treaty of Geneva and the Red Cross. After disbursement clip at a watering place in Danville, New York to better her wellness, Barton moved to Washington DC to buttonhole for her causes. Due to her attempts, the United States signed the Geneva Agreement in 1882. In add-on, the American Red Cross organisation was formed in 1881, and Barton served as its first president. Several old ages subsequently, she wrote the American amendment to the Red Cross fundamental law, which provided for catastrophe alleviation during peace clip every bit good as war. Barton remained Red Cross president until 1904. During her term of office, she headed up alleviation work for catastrophes such as dearths, inundations, plague, and temblors in the United States and throughout the universe. The last operation she personally directed was alleviation for victims of the Galveston, Texas inundation in 1900. In add-on, she served as an envoy of the Red Cross and addressed several International Conferences. In 1904, Barton was forced to vacate her place as president. She experienced increasing unfavorable judgment of her leading manner, and many felt it was clip for the organisation to be led by a larger, cardinal disposal. On May 12, Barton resigned. For the following 8 old ages, she lived in her place at Glen Echo, Maryland. Clara Barton died on April 12, 1912, from complications of a cold. The mission of her life can be summed up in her ain words, # 8220 ; You must neer so much as think whether you like it or non, whether it is endurable or non ; you must neer believe of anything except the demand, and how to run into it. # 8221 ;

Labor Essays - Social Justice, Unemployment, John Haltiwanger

Labor Statistics The relatively recent development of longitudinal establishment datasets has generated quite a bit of excitement in both the academic and the statistical communities. From this literature, we have learned that there is a large amount of volatility at the individual establishment level that underlies the smooth time series of aggregate employment growth. The descriptive statistics coming out of this literature have not only stimulated the review and updating of existing labor market theories, but have also stimulated the U.S. statistical agencies to develop their administrative datasets in such a way so as to produce longitudinal job flow statistics. The purpose of this paper is to use a new longitudinal database from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in order to examine how establishment births and deaths contribute to job creation, job destruction, and net employment growth at different frequencies of measurement. Despite all that we have learned about the labor market from the existing job flows literature, the conclusions that can be drawn from these studies are somewhat limited. First, almost all of the existing work using U.S. data has been restricted to the manufacturing sector. Recent work by several authors has illustrated how job creation and job destruction in manufacturing may not be representative of the entire U.S. economy. 1 A second limitation is that most of the existing empirical work on job flows, either by choice or by necessity, is based upon data that excludes the smallest establishments. 2 Since most establishment births and deaths are quite small, at least in the short run, we are thus unsure how these births and deaths influence employment growth. While data that focuses on large establishments will cover most employment, an analysis of job flows depends on the magnitude of employment flows at continuing establishments relative to the incidence and average size of establishment births and deaths. The longitudinal database introduced in this paper is not subject to either of these limitations. The microdata upon which this paper is based are the unemployment insurance reports that 1 The studies by Davis and Haltiwanger (1990, 1992), Davis, Haltiwanger, and Schuh (1993, 1996), and Dunne, Roberts and Samuelson (1988, 1989a, 1989b) have all used manufacturing data housed at the Center for Economic Studies at the U.S. Census Bureau. Recent work with unemployment insurance data by Anderson and Meyer (1994), Foote (1997), Lane, Stevens, and Burgess (1996), and Leonard (1987) has looked at other sectors of the economy. 2 Small plants with less than five employees are not in the sample frame of the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) data used by Davis, Haltiwanger, and Schuh (1996); these plants represent about one-third of all plants and about 4 to 7 percent of employment. Using the Census of Manufactures, Dunne, Roberts and Samuelson (1989a) exclude manufacturing plants with less than 5 employees; these excluded plants account for between 30 and 40 percent of all plants but represent only one percent of employment. The firm sample used by Anderson and Meyer (1994) includes only firms with at least 50 employees; this sample accounts for 83 percent of employment. Bibliography Anderson, Patricia M. and Bruce D. Meyer. 1994. "The Extent and Consequences of Job Turnover." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 177-236. Audretsch, David B. and Talat Mahmood. 1994. "The Rate of Hazard Confronting New Firms and Plants in U.S. Manufacturing." Review of Industrial Organization, pp. 41-56. Baldwin, John R. and Paul K. Gorecki. 1989. "Measuring Firm Entry and Exit With Panel Data." Proceedings of the Statistics Canada Symposium on Analysis of Data in Time. Baldwin, John R. and Paul K. Gorecki. 1991. "Firm Entry and Exit in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector, 1970-1982." Canadian Journal of Economics, pp. 300-323. Boeri, Tito. 1996. "Is Job Turnover Countercyclical?" Journal of Labor Economics, pp. 603-625. Boeri, Tito and Lutz Bellmann. 1995. "Post-entry Behaviour and the Cycle: Evidence from Germany." International Journal of Industrial Organization, pp. 483-500. Boeri, Tito and Ulrich Cramer. 1992. "Employment Growth, Incumbents, and Entrants." International Journal of Industrial Organization, pp. 545-565. Br?derl, Josef and Rudolf Sch?ssler. 1990. "Organizational Mortality: The Liabilities of Newness and Adolescence." Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 530-547. Br?derl, Josef, Peter Preisend?rfer, and Rolf Ziegler. 1992. "Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organizations." American Sociological Review, pp. 227-242. Davis, Steven J. and John C. Haltiwanger. 1990. "Gross Job Creation and Destruction: Microeconomic Evidence and Macroeconomic Implications." NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp. 123-168. Davis, Steven J. and John C. Haltiwanger. 1992. "Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction, and Employment Reallocation." Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 819-863. Davis, Steven J. and John C. Haltiwanger. 1995. "Measuring Gross Worker and Job Flows." NBER Working Paper #5133. Davis, Steven

Sculpture and painting

Sculpture and painting Introduction Sculpture illustrates a three dimensional artwork that is made by combining and/ or shaping materials. Normally, a sculpture is usually made from stone and clay prior to its casting in bronze to give it a brand new outlook. In the modern society, invention of newer materials in conjunction with advanced technology has transformed the face of sculpture art.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sculpture and painting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has seen sculptors using gluing, wiring and welding media to produce sculptures. The first example of sculpture is Sculpture Glass or Bronze. This denotes a frees of painting as artwork form include; body painting masterpieces by artist Joanne Gair as well as Splosh II painting by artist Markus Cellini. These paintings were used to communicate many messages and descriptions to people. Just like any type of artwork, painting is made in order to communicate a vie w. The intended view could be political, personal, and/ or religious. At times, the view could be used to generate emotions in the viewer’s head or heart (Frank Preble, 2010). Conclusion The design principles of painting as an artwork are movement, balance, proportion, emphasis, repetition and rhythm, space, simplicity, unity and contrast. Balance refers to attention, equality of weight and attraction of all elements that form unity. On the other hand, rhythm and repetition defines the act of irregularly and/ or regularly repeating elements. Along the same line of thought, emphasis is the stress given on a single piece of work. Space on the other hand, is the interval measured between objects while simplicity denotes the removal of all non-essential details to portray the essence of an object. Additionally, proportion defines the relationship of two things in number, size, degree or amount while unity shows the relationship between one part and a complete composition. Lastly , contrast shows the difference among elements while Movement is the direction in which the eye follows when a person looks at a piece of art work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sculpture and painting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Frank, P. Preble, D. (2003). Artforms: An Introduction to the Visual Arts, Revised (7th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall publisher. Frank, P., Preble, D. (2009). Prebles Artforms (with MyArtKit Student Access Code Card) (9th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall publisher. Frank, P., Preble, S. (2010). Prebles Artforms (10th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall publisher. Heinrich, E., Haeckel, A. Haeckel, E. (1998). Art Forms in Nature: The Prints of Ernst Haeckel (Monographs) New York: Prestel Publishing. Thompson, N. (2012). Living as Form: Socially Engaged Art from 1991-2011. New Jersey: Prentice Hall publisher.

Biography of James Jim Bowie, American Frontiersman

Biography of James 'Jim' Bowie, American Frontiersman James Jim Bowie (c. 1796–March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, slave trader, smuggler, Indian fighter, and soldier in the Texas Revolution. He was among the defenders at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, where he perished along with all of his comrades. Bowie was known as a legendary fighter; the large Bowie knife is named after him. Fast Facts: James Bowie Known For: American frontiersman, military leader during the Texas Revolution, and defender of the AlamoAs Known As: Jim BowieBorn: 1796 in KentuckyParents: Reason and Elve Ap-Catesby Jones BowieDied: March 6, 1836 in San Antonio, Mexican TexasSpouse: Maria Ursula de Veramendi (m. 1831-1833)Children: Marie Elve, James Veramendi Early Life James Bowie was born in Kentucky in 1796 and was raised in present-day Missouri and Louisiana. He enlisted to fight in the War of 1812  but joined too late to see any action. Soon he was back in Louisiana selling timber, and with the proceeds he bought some slaves and expanded his operation. Bowie later became acquainted with Jean Lafitte, the legendary Gulf Coast pirate who was involved in illegal slave smuggling. Bowie and his brothers bought smuggled slaves, declared that they had found them, and kept the money when the slaves were sold at auction. Later, Bowie came up with a scheme for acquiring free land. He falsified French and Spanish documents that said he had purchased the land in Louisiana. The Sandbar Fight On September 19, 1827, Bowie was involved in the legendary â€Å"Sandbar Fight† in Louisiana. Two men- Samuel Levi Wells III and Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox- had agreed to fight a duel, and each man had brought along several supporters. Bowie was there on behalf of Wells. The duel ended after both men shot and missed twice, and they had decided to let the matter drop, but a brawl soon broke out among the other men. Bowie fought viciously in spite of being shot at least three times and stabbed with a sword-cane. The wounded Bowie killed one of his opponents with a massive knife, which later became famous as the â€Å"Bowie knife.† Move to Texas Like many frontiersmen of the time, Bowie eventually became intrigued by the idea of Texas. He went there and found plenty to keep him busy, including another land speculation scheme and the charms of Ursula Veramendi, the well-connected daughter of the mayor of San Antonio. By 1830 Bowie had moved to Texas, staying one step ahead of his creditors back in Louisiana. After fighting off a vicious Tawakoni Indian attack while searching for a silver mine, Bowie won even more fame as a tough frontiersman. He married Veramendi in 1831 and took up residence in San Antonio. She would soon die tragically of cholera, along with her parents. Action in Nacogdoches After disgruntled Texans attacked Nacogdoches in August of 1832 (they were protesting a Mexican order to give up their arms), Stephen F. Austin asked Bowie to intervene. Bowie arrived in time to capture some fleeing Mexican soldiers. This made Bowie a hero to those Texans who favored independence, although it is not necessarily what Bowie intended, as he had a Mexican wife and a lot of money in land in Mexican Texas. In 1835, war broke out between rebellious Texans and the Mexican army. Bowie went to Nacogdoches, where he and Sam Houston were elected leaders of the local militia. He acted quickly, arming the men with weapons seized from the local Mexican armory. Assault on San Antonio Bowie and other volunteers from Nacogdoches caught up with a rag-tag army led by Stephen F. Austin and James Fannin. The troops were marching on San Antonio, hoping to defeat Mexican General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos and end the conflict quickly. In late October 1835, they laid siege to San Antonio, where Bowies contacts among the population proved extremely beneficial. Many residents of San Antonio joined the rebels, bringing valuable intelligence with them. Bowie and Fannin and some 90 men dug in on the grounds of Concepcià ³n Mission just outside the city, and General Cos, spotting them there, attacked. The Battle of Concepcià ³n and the Capture of San Antonio Bowie told his men to keep their heads and stay low. When the Mexican infantry advanced, the Texans devastated their ranks with fire from their long rifles. The Texan sharpshooters also picked off artillerymen who were shooting the Mexican cannons. Disheartened, the Mexicans fled back to San Antonio. Bowie was once again hailed a hero. He was not there when Texan rebels stormed the city in the early days of December 1835, but he returned shortly after. General Sam Houston ordered him to demolish the Alamo, a fortress-like old mission in San Antonio, and a retreat from the city. Bowie, once again, disobeyed orders. Instead, he mounted a defense and fortified the Alamo. Bowie, Travis, and Crockett In early February, William Travis arrived in San Antonio. He would take over nominal command of the forces there when the ranking officer left. Many of the men there were not enlisted- they were volunteers, which meant that they answered to no one. Bowie was the unofficial leader of these volunteers and he did not care for Travis, which made things tense at the fort. Soon, however, famous frontiersman Davy Crockett arrived. A skilled politician, Crockett was able to defuse the tension between Travis and Bowie. The Mexican Army, commanded by Mexican General Santa Anna, showed up in late February. The arrival of this common enemy also united the defenders of the Alamo. Battle of the Alamo and Death Bowie became very ill sometime in late February 1836. Historians disagree about what illness he suffered from. It may have been pneumonia or tuberculosis. In any case, it was a debilitating illness, and Bowie was confined, delirious, to his bed. According to legend, Travis drew a line in the sand and told the men to cross it if they would stay and fight. Bowie, too weak to walk, asked to be carried over the line. After two weeks of siege, the Mexicans attacked the morning of March 6. The Alamo was overrun in less than two hours, and all of the defenders were captured or killed, including Bowie, who reportedly died in his bed, still feverish. Legacy Bowie was an interesting man in his time, a renowned hothead, brawler, and troublemaker who went to Texas to escape his creditors in the United States. He became famous due to his fights and his legendary knife, and once fighting broke out in Texas, he soon became known as a solid leader of men who could keep a cool head under fire. His lasting fame, however, came about as a result of his presence at the fateful Battle of the Alamo. In life, he was a con man and slave trader. In death, he became a great hero, and today he is widely revered in Texas, even more so than his brothers-in-arms Travis and Crockett. The city of Bowie and Bowie County, both in Texas, are named after him, as are countless schools, businesses, and parks. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007.

Comparison of Two Sets of Data Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparison of Two Sets of Data - Lab Report Example The lab report "Comparison of Two Sets of Data" overviews two datasets of gross motor vehicle domestic weights from the year 2002 and from the year 2004. This report applied information from a secondary source for its investigation. The collected data was then subjected to statistical analysis using excel from which cumulative were developed. Further, histograms were developed to facilitate analysis of the two sets of data. Gross vehicle domestic weight refers to the maximum weight of a vehicle based on the manufacturer’s specification. It normally indicates the combined weights of all elements of a vehicle such as a frame, body, engine, devices, luggage, and passengers. This information is contained in vehicles’ registration documents. Statistical applications that offer ground for comparing and contrasting records of motor vehicle weights over periods can be used to investigate the existence of a change in a trend of gross weights. The combination of statistics from the two periods of time allows for easier analysis into identifying similarities and differences between the two sets of data. A review of the combined frequency distribution table, for example, identifies a comparative trend in the weights of the vehicles between the intervals less than 20 kipps up to 69.9 kipps. Though the paired frequencies within this range vary across the two years, the differences are significantly small, falling within a one percent disparity. A difference is observed beyond 70 kipps frequencies reported in the year 2004.... .6% 100-109.9 35 0.1% 110-119.9 13 0.0% >120 Kips 13 0.0% In order to gain a clearer insight into the two sets of data, histograms were developed as shown bellow, Histogram for the year 2002 Histogram for the year 2004 Combined results tor the two period were also calculated as shown bellow Frequency distribution table for the year 2002 and the year 2004 Bin 2002 2004 120 Kips 0.0% 0.0% Stacked histogram for the years 2002 and 2004 Combination of statistics from the two periods of time allows for easier analysis into identifying similarities and differences between the two sets of data. A review of the combined frequency distribution table, for example, identifies a comparative trend in the weights of the vehicles between the intervals from less that 20 kipps upto 69.9 kipps. Though the paired frequensies within this range varies across the two years, the differences are significantly small, falling within a one percent disparity. A difference is however observed beyond 70 kipps at w hich frequencies reported in the year 2004 are significantly higher than the frequencies reported in the year 2002. This observation is clearly identified from the stacked histogram that identifies higher percentage frequencies in the year 2002 for values lower than 70 kipps. The percentage frequencies in 2002 however goes bellow those in the year 2004 for the intervals that falls above 70 kipps. The similarity in trend of the reported data for the intervals that falls bellow 70 kipps indicates that the percentage distribution in demand, and hence production and use of vehicles

Starbucks's Corporate Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks's Corporate Ethics - Case Study Example Sources used include company's official website and two printed books on the subject on CSR. As they say charity begins at home, Starbucks starts its CSR policy with its employees. The firm believes that employees are partners and must be treated with due respect. The company says on its website that one of the key benefits of CSR for the firm has been in the retention of its partners. Howard Schultz, the owner of Starbucks Coffee Co understands the importance of its employees. Ronald Sims in his book, "Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility: Why Giants Fall" appreciates the ethical practices at Starbucks and writes: "Amazingly, Starbucks offers both full- and part-time employees equity in the form of annual stock options. In 1987, when the company was losing hundreds of thousands of dollars a year in its drive for expansion, he extended medical coverage for any "partner" working 20 hours or more. Paying 75 percent of the insurance premium costs Starbucks approximately $1,275 a year per worker, while hiring a new employee costs the company almost twice that amount." (p. 304) Apart from the employee relations, the firm has been integrating CSR into its operation. ... The company also undertook a research to find out how much greenhouse gas emissions could be attributed to its operations. It found that only 18 percent was due to operations and the rest was due to energy use at its locations. This research however did not include Starbucks' foreign locations. Another important area of CSR at Starbucks is sourcing methods. The firm has to procure coffee from suppliers from around the world. The company has been trying to practice ethical means of procurement by buying from suppliers who are on C.A.F.E list of approved coffee-growers. By 2007, 65 percent of its coffee was being purchased from C.A.F.E approved suppliers but the company aims to make it 80 percent by 2013. These are the suppliers who are following rigorous standards for sustainability throughout the supply chain. The firm has been trying to work in harmony with the governments of coffee producing nations. Starbucks feels "these relationships must be mutually beneficial. They must also be collaborative in nature in order to advance measures and practices that contribute to the sustainable production of high-quality coffee - and sustainable livelihoods for farmers and their families." But things have not always been smooth. Starbucks famously got into an argument with Ethiopian government over trademark issues. But over time, this rift was resolved and Starbucks now enjoys a warm relationship with Ethiopian farmers. Starbucks is also involved in community building ventures in supplier nations. For example it understands that a large number of Mayan people depend on coffee for livelihood. The company has been working on educational projects in this region. "For more than a

Evaluation of Early Supplier Involvement in Product Development Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Early Supplier Involvement in Product Development Essay I certify that in the preparation of this thesis, I have observed the provisions of Purdue University Teaching, Research, and Outreach Policy on Research Misconduct (VIII.3.1), October 1, 2008.* Further, I certify that this work is free of plagiarism and all materials appearing in this thesis/dissertation have been properly quoted and attributed. I certify that all copyrighted material incorporated into this thesis/dissertation is in compliance with the United States’ copyright law and that I have received written permission from the copyright owners for my use of their work, which is beyond the scope of the law. I agree to indemnify and save harmless Purdue University from any and all claims that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Standing outside the Knoy BS440, I was waiting for the dissertation defense result. Few minutes later, Prof. Schmidt, my committee chair, came to me, gave me one big warm hug and said, â€Å"Congratulations!† Suddenly, the memory in the past two years, all the pains and pleasure at Purdue University, came up to me. This is the moment I had waited for so long, but this is also the moment I was unwilling to face because of the coming goodbye. Nevertheless, I knew things I learnt and people I met there will be the valuable asset in my life and will be with me all the time. For those who have supported the creation of the work, I would like to begin by thanking my principle advisor, Prof. Edie K. Schmidt, who has always encouraged me with her sharp insight and great patience. She is not merely a constant guide throughout my research but also a thoughtful friend. Additionally, I would like to show my gratitude to the members of my committee: Prof. Nathan W. Hartman, Prof. Patrick E. Connolly, and Prof. John A. Springer. Without their guidance, suggestions, criticisms and support, I would not make my thesis possible. One notable faculty in the Department of Aviation Technology I also owe a note of thanks. To Prof. Chien-Tsung Lu, I am grateful for your assistance in reviewing the cultural appropriateness of this research, which facilitated the IRB’s approval process. Thanks are also due to all my colleagues from College of Technology and from graduate office and all my friends at Purdue University, who made my two years life colorful. Having their company was the great encouragement when I felt frustrated. For the numerous industrial contacts and friends in Taiwan, thanks are due to them all. In particular, I would like to thank Yi-Hen Chen for his patience and backing me up. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my parents, who fully supported me when I made the decision to pursue higher education and who never lost faith in me. I love you.

Mummification Essay -- Ancient Egypt

It started thousands of years ago when the first Egyptian was mummified by the natural sand found in the Sahara desert. Mummification is a method of preservation of a dead body. By performing this procedure, it assists the deceased to reach the Afterworld. There are three main methods of mummification, each depending of the wealth of the deceased. In this essay you will discover how pharaohs and high officials were mummified. Once the person has died, he or she is taken to the ibu, also known as the tent of purification. Usually, mummification is performed during nighttime due to the odoured caused by the dead body. When the embalmer is ready to begin the procedure, he first washes the body with water from the Nile. After, he uses an iron hook like device to remove the brain. The embalmer does this by inserting it to the nostril breaking up the cartilage until the hook can reach the brain. Once this procedure is achieved, he removes the brain by crushing it until it becomes watery enough to be drained by laying the person flat on its stomach. The remains of the brain are than ke...

Power, Politics And Glory Essay

If protest art is shown only in galleries or museums, is it reaching a wide enough audience to be effective? Protest art is a way for activists to promote their causes by using creativity in how they delivery their message.   If they will only be displayed in museums or galleries, then it will only reach a limited audience.   In any kind or form of promoting a social message, it is important to reach as many people as possible.   Without a wide reach, the protest art would not be very effective.   However, if the target audience were limited to those who are frequent visitors to museums and galleries, then, limiting the display to these locations would serve the purpose.   With protest art, the artist often has a clear political message to deliver, presents it in a persuasive way, and hopes to cause change. Is that different from propaganda?   Propaganda takes many forms and uses different mediums to deliver its message in order to persuade or influence changes.   Protest art as a form of propaganda uses symbols and pictures to drive the message across.   By being creative, more people will take notice of what the issue is all about.   Can propaganda be art?   Art can take any form.   Similarly, a movement can also use art to promote or influence opinions and behavior.   In that sense, propaganda can use cartoons, satires, paintings, banners, or other art mediums to convey the message.   Look at the image of President Bush. This photograph was taken in May of 2003. Do you think this image was staged in any way? What are your thoughts in the way of the function of this image? Could it be called propaganda? The image is obviously staged to relate a message.   Since propaganda could be positive or negative, then there are two ways to interpret this image.   On the positive side, the thumbs-up and the mission-accomplished banner could mean that the government has successfully upheld justice in Iraq by driving away extremists led by Saddam Hussein.   On the other hand, the picture could mean that Bush was gloating over the invasion of Iraq and how it would mean to his image as world leader.

Harvard Business Review: Carter Racing Case Essay

This is a really tough decision and the mind is constantly changing against to the conclusion. But after a thorough consideration, I don’t think the team should race this time. John should get more data and information for the engine failure until he decides to race again for the next season. There are numerous ways to decide to race or not for John Carter when it comes to decision making. He can make the decision based on either his fellow chief mechanic Tom’s view, or the engine expert Paul’s assumption. However, regardless either way, the conclusion should be reached by some sort of quantitative analysis. At the first glance at the scenario, the immediate reaction was to throw all the numbers provided into the opportunity cost calculation, and compare the pros and cons between the options. However, in order to come up with the most accurate prediction on the expected value of the outcome, it is necessary to gather the all of the associated costs in dollars. John can easily calculate the cost to withdraw by adding up the fees from the data that was provided in the case. Yet, for the other options: race and win, race and fail, it is impossible for us to calculate the precise cost of â€Å"winning† and â€Å"failure† since there are no price tags for fames and sponsorship possibilities if the team wins the race, as well as the risks that might happen in relation of gasket failure such as life, and destructing in team reputation. Thus, without the inclusion of all the necessary factors, the result of calculated the expected value would be useless in measuring losses and gain s. The second reason that I think John should wait for the race is due to insufficient information provided in the case. In addition to the chart that was provided by Tom (exhibit 1), there should also be a chart showing the distribution on head gasket success is related to temperature since the race might begin in a day with fairly low temperature. Thus, if I were John, I would have to determine to postpone the race until further information is gathered. Of course it is not easy to convince someone on things that no one can be guarantee of. Thoughts and doubts gone through the mind such as: the race  itself is in the nature of a risky business; wondering if John should grab the opportunity right now before it flies away because next season is still unknown, etc†¦ Even after knowing insufficient information was available, it is still really tempting to choose racing rather than withdraw. This tension fighting unconsciously in the mind reminds me of the principle of scarcity , which people tend to value potential loss (the fees for racing) more heavily than potential gains (engine invested and human life). These feeling often caused managers to have bias on decision making. Besides the method of quantitative calculation on costs, the problem John faces also consists of the selection between two different sides of recommendations: one from his chief mechanic Tom who suggests for race, and the other engine mechanic Paul who opposes the race. The argument and data presented by these two mechanics act as a persuasion to John. Whereas, Tom and Paul both have extensive experience in racing, yet Paul â€Å"lacked the sophisticated engineering training† as mentioned in part B of the reading raised an interesting dilemma on whether John should shift more of his selection power towards Tom based on the insufficiency of Paul’s training. To tie this case to Mulvey’s article, the purpose of a team is increase the strength of the organization by forming and adding up the different perspectives together. For organization leaders, John, in this case, it is very important for him to balance the team dynamics to make sure each person’s voice is equally weighed in team function while such balance is very easy to lose grip once one side of the opinion is valued too heavily. This situation is well demonstrated between John, Paul, and Tom. At the beginning of the case , Paul showed his position as a strong opponent against the team to race. But as the case evolves, Paul’s attitude changed as Tom showed the chart in exhibit 1, and agreed to race at the end. It seems that Paul has given up his beliefs and agreed with the team on racing by accepting the data provided by Tom of who that has a higher rank than Paul even though the data seem to be insufficient to persuade Paul’s position from racing. This matches Mulvey’s views of the presence of someone with expertise and compelling argument since Tom is the chief of mechanic, which might have led an assumption to indicate higher level in  qualification. With such precedence assumption and numerous useless discussions on with John on the gasket problem, it is very likely for Paul to accept Tom’s data as long as it makes some sense in explaining the gasket problem. In addition, there is also a subtle sense that Paul may have felt the pressure from the team to cause him to conform. It is clear that the team leader, John, is feeling frustrated about the race sponsorship and eagerly wishing to get both of the mechanics’ approval to race. Being the only person that disagrees, Paul gradually lessened his voice. This illustrates the points of pressure from others to conform and dysfunctional decision making climate that Mulvey has brought up. In sum, as if I were John, it is essential for team leaders to manage the team with a great sensibility of each team member’s personality and expertise in order to maintain the participation spirit. A well balanced team would allow people like Paul to speak up his mind and not compromise his views, and still utilize Tom’s expertise. A well-functional team is the only way to have a possible appropriate decision making solution. work cited: Mulvey, Paul. â€Å"When teammates raise a white flag.† Academy of Management Executive. 1996 pp. 43

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 essays

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 essays Bitter controversies on a number of issues were revealed due to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. There are political explanations of why these Acts were passed which center primarily around the state of foreign relations. Two parties of the day, the Democratic-Republic and the Federalists were initially in support of the constitution that did not require a Bill of Rights, and only conceded in order to aid in the ratification of the Constitution. The Democratic-Republicans, with whom Thomas Jefferson was numbered were heavily fearful of a strong central government. HE was willing to allow the law to be used to his political advantage. He would later prosecute Federalists editors under this legislation, though he would allow the legislation to expire during his administration. James Madison wrote in The Virginia Report, 1800 that the Sedition Act was unconstitutional. In his view the first Amendment guaranteed an absolute freedom against the federal government, for no authority of the United States could abridge it. Madison did not support the sedition law. The act was criticized by Madison. In the speech in the House of Representatives on the proposed Sedition Act, Gallatin said that if sedition is an enemy of the Constitution, then its liable to punishment. The Bill should be used as a weapon by a party now in power. John Alien said that a conspiracy against the Constitution is formed. A man was always answerable for the malicious publication of falsehood. Hamilton thought that the Sedition Act may damage the civil war. Alien Act was passed along with the Sedition Act. The Alien Act gave power to the president. A Fourteen year residency period for aliens was required prior to naturalization as a citizen. IT also allowed the restraint and removal in time of war of resident adult aliens of the hostile nation. Hamilton had said that those who help the French were not Americans but fool, ...

The Most Unkindest Cut of All

The Most Unkindest Cut of All The Most Unkindest Cut of All The Most Unkindest Cut of All By Maeve Maddox Some of my readers and I experienced an episode of mutual astonishment the other day. In a post about the abbreviation e.g., I wrote the following sentence: The most unkindest cut of all regarding the use of  e.g.  and its ilk came to my attention in 2008 when I read an article in the  London Telegraph  about a movement in Britain to purge English of such long-established Latin shortcuts. The emails began to fly: Were you serious in the use of the following sentence?   I am making reference to the use of most unkindest. The most unkindest cut   Hmm.   This one threw me, Maeve. most unkindest assuming thats an editing error and not a grammatical error! Most unkindest. Did you really mean that? Isnt it, most unkind?   Would you please comment? â€Å"The most unkindest cut of all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I think one should use either â€Å"The unkindest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or â€Å"The most unkind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Can you believe he/she wrote the most unkindest. It should be the most unkind  or the unkindest. At the time I wrote the sentence, I had the feeling that someone might twit me for the use of a word like ilk, but it never occurred to me that anyone would turn a hair at the quotation from Julius Caesar. Many years have passed since I studied Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar in the ninth grade, but I still remember the speech in which Antony refers to the dagger thrust made by Brutus as â€Å"the most unkindest cut of all.† Antony’s funeral oration over the corpse of Caesar is very long. My classmates and I memorized the first section, beginning with these lines: Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. We memorized up to where Antony pauses the first time to let his words sink in: My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, And I must pause till it come back to me. The speech continues. It’s an excellent example of the way a clever speaker can manipulate the sentiment of a hostile, ignorant crowd. Antony pulls out all the rhetorical stops. At the very end, he wins the mob with a sentimental â€Å"show and tell,† making Caesar’s death personal and tangible. He holds up Caesar’s bloody mantle and spreads the holes with his fingers, putting names to them: Look, in this place ran Cassius dagger through. See what a rent the envious Casca made. Through this the well-belovà ¨d Brutus stabbed. And as he plucked his cursà ¨d steel away, Mark how the blood of Caesar followed it, As rushing out of doors, to be resolved If Brutus so unkindly knocked, or no. For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar’s angel. Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him! This was the most unkindest cut of all. NOTE: According to the historical record, Caesar’s assassins stabbed him twenty-three times. â€Å"Most unkindest cut of all† is nonstandard English. The rule for comparison, as my dismayed readers point out, does not permit a most to attend an adjective ending in -est. But Shakespeare was writing iambic pentameter. He needed a line with ten syllables. And besides, his intention was to have Antony wring out as much emotion as he could from the mob. The cut made by Brutus wasn’t simply unkind or most unkind, or the unkindest, it was absolutely the pinnacle of unkindness, hence the most, the -est, and the â€Å"of all.† When I quoted Shakespeare’s line, I was emphasizing the dismay I felt at the thought that branches of officialdom- in Britain of all places- could believe that it could be in the public interest to purge words from the English vocabulary. The very idea calls to mind a quotation from another of my favorite authors: Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought? In the end we shall make thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no words in which to express it. Every concept that can ever be needed, will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten.- Orwell, 1984 I don’t have a conclusion to this post. We’re living along a seam in time. Some of us have had one kind of education, others a different kind. The practice of quoting from the English literary canon in articles intended for a general audience belongs to a passing generation. Is this is a bad thing? According to Hamlet, â€Å"there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.† As King Arthur says at the end of Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, The old order changeth, yielding place to new. Related posts: When Most Is Enough Slipping into Newspeak Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†Empathy "With" or Empathy "For"?While vs. Whilst

International Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Management Master - Essay Example For companies who want to survive in the longer run and on a much wider scale, it has become a necessity to send assignments abroad. However, even if the practice of initiating expatriate programs is necessary, companies usually tend to think that it is a high cost investment as they are expected to bear the cost of the pay of the employees, their housing and the other facilities given to them and their family, like education, health, safety and the daily necessary expenses. The costs generally shoot up if the country they are being sent to have a high cost and low standard of living. Expatriate assignments may indeed be very expensive but some far sighted companies who have the longer run and the larger picture in mind are ready to afford the cost, as long as they believe that the return will be profitable and will help them expand. When it comes to calculating returns, not all companies can come to a satisfactory conclusion and experience qualms about entering into expatriate assignments. Some of the reasons for this are that costs cannot be traced back easily and the returns on the investment may take years to appear which may also not be very obvious at first. For exam For example, a company may be able to report costs such as the remuneration given to the employee but can not quantify the return such as the value of the experience gained by the international managers at work, or the global exposure that the company got because of the assignment. Due to the difficulties faced in these calculations, many companies think that expatriates are very expensive and leave it at that, without bothering themselves about the future benefits they may earn over a period of time. There a number of things the human resource professionals of the company need to consider before embarking upon an expatriate assignment. These assignments need to be dealt with prudently as they incur a lot of costs for the company and the return they are expected to get may not be what the company has in mind. Thus, these assignments should be programmed along the strategic goals of a business. To minimize costs and to maximize the return, the human resource department of the company needs to decide whether the employees going abroad have the required technical skills to handle the task. Moreover, the employees being set abroad should be assigned a work that is important and will be beneficial to the business and the costs incurred by the company should not just be for a pleasure trip of the employees. When expatriate assignments are undertaken, knowledge transfer between countries begins to grow. One of the most important benefits of having international assignments is the multi-cultural knowledge and experiences an expatriate gains and the ability to survive in a challenging and a strange environment certainly assists the company in the longer run. The expatriates then become invaluable for the company as their abilities meet the requirements of international standards and their knowledge and experience enables the company to grow and maintain a healthy environment for its other employees. The human resource function of the company

How We Could Use Alternative Dispute Resolution To Settle Civil Essay

How We Could Use Alternative Dispute Resolution To Settle Civil Justice Matters More Efficiently - Essay Example The Arbitration Act 1966 and 19965 provided full court application of one of the ADR procedures, following the lead of UNCITRAL's 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards paving the way to acceptance of arbitration in international trade dispute resolution. The methods were taken up by the public after they have been officially encouraged in Lord Woolf's 1996 "Access to Justice" report.6 The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 20007 is one of the more recent statutes applying ADR to administrative tribunal cases following PACE 1984, infra. The cost effectiveness of ADR has been fully demonstrated in commercial litigation. It has also placed or misplaced false hopes on the alternative methods application in civil cases. Civil case application of ADR encouraged the proliferation of profit and non-profit ADR providers and services with fully trained and accredited ADR practitioners, most of whom are also solicitors. The CPR required active management of cases by judges, including encouragement of litigating parties to use ADR. For the purpose of facilitating ADR use by litigants, CPR allows the court to stay its proceedings while the parties concerned try to settle the case. Pre-action protocols were also installed, requiring parties to let each other know the basis of their proposed claims and defences. The importance of ADR is emphasized in several judicial decisions. In Cowl vs. Plymouth9, the Court of Appeals imposed cost sanctions on a party for unreasonable failure to use ADR. Solicitors are also required to apprise clients of ADR, otherwise, they will be considered professionally negligent. Apart from judicial initiative, the executive also introduced ADR in government departments and administrative tribunals, particularly in clinical negligence claims, employment and legal services. Mr. Justice Lightman, a Justice of the High Court Chancery Division, presented ADR with high hopes as a necessary alternative to "extravagantly expensive and unpredictable exercise"10 of litigation. It must be recognized that ADR is "an ever evolving process."11 Newer methods are being introduced and legislation, including rules of court would tend to be left behind. Current consensus among law practioners tend to limit ADR use to arbitration and mediation. The failure of the use of inappropriate ADR method force the parties to incur needless expenses. On this note, the observations of Sir Anthony Evans triggers a painful spot when he pointed out that it is the agreement of the parties to come to a settlement that is responsible for the supposed success of ADR and not ADR processes themselves. In fact, he emphasized that "a settlement agreement is always to be preferred to any of the [ADR] processes which may result in a binding decision".12 He meant that solicitors and judges should look at the nature of the case before influencing the parties to undergo ADR procedures that could be inappropriate and ineffective. He also pointed out

Case Study 3 - TechSoup Global and NetSquared Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

3 - TechSoup Global and NetSquared - Case Study Example According to Greenberg (2009) NPOs particularly benefit from social media as compared to traditional communication methods mainly because communication via social media brings prospects for the organization costs getting lowered along with the lowering of cost of delivering services. Also the idea of being a part of the emergence of new social patters is highly promising for the Non Profit Organizations as compared to association with the conventional traditional communication means. Merilainen (2011) narrates that since the main aim of NPOs and NGOs is to make their point of views prevalent into the public and to political agendas communication is extremely essential for them. The main aim is to involve public opinion into their proposed changes and thoughts and gain favor from the masses. This purpose is served without the involvement of any finances via social media. The propagation via social media is also thought to get more responses since people can affirm their opinions and s upport free of cost and they do not have to physically get involved in the scenario. This flexibility of use promotes the involvement of public. ... Social networks are forums where all kinds of individuals and organizations make the impression of their virtual entity. Entertainment personnel and politicians make use of the popularity and widespread reach of the Social Networks and social media. They are usually active on these communication mediums and can therefore be reached very easily via it. Common public is also one of the potential audiences that the NPOs would try to reach. The promoting of their causes would be done well if the support of the common masses is with them. Regarding the potential means of accessing NPO audiences via Social Networks and Social Media Lassila (2010) mentions that Social Network Services incorporate viral marketing as one of their main marketing strategies. It is via viral marketing only that Non Profit Organizations are enabled to reach massive number of audiences. The author quotes the example of American Red Cross who incorporated the SNS viral marketing strategy and spread their messages t o their audiences via their celebrity followers on twitter. Inside Facebook.com's author Smith advises the NPO's marketers that the trusted referrals within social media are the most powerful marketing message. Via viral marketing available in Social Media NGOs and NPOs can segment their target audience groups based on persons' interests. This way the audience feel the messages of the NPOs to be more personalized and get inclined towards them. Via the viral messaging to all kinds of audiences on social media the NGOs can also tell about their donation possibilities (Regan, 2011). One advantage of this strategy is that personal presentations of the NPOs get enhanced as a result of it

Examining The Leadership And Change Management Of Barclays Bank

Examining The Leadership And Change Management Of Barclays Bank Barclays Bank Europe, America, Africa and Asia is a vast presence, both for individuals and businesses provides a wide range of services.  Barclays has a long history that covers three hundred years, and its head office from London, that this operation fifty countries and 155,000 employees to offer more care. Barclays Bank lends, investment and more than 48 million people around the world for money does. Earliest roots of Barclays 1690, when Thomas Gold and silversmith John Freame Central London working as a bank to go back to start.  Seventy years later, the goldsmith bankers went into a major banking house, and later with nineteen other private banking concerns, the name Barclays and Company Limited, which reserves a set of 182 branches thus a major  £ 26  with funds provided under the Bank joined the million.  Barclays and the company is so often used Quaker Bank; At this point in time, Barclays and company family and religious links with the community was involved. Turn of the twentieth century, Barclays and the company started expanding rapidly, such as Bolithos Bank and United Counties Bank mdlyndz England South West taking a significant banks.  By 1918, Barclays Bank and Company in London South West Bank and Provincial Bank in the UK with one in five largest banks had to be. Barclays Bank of Japan until 1925, the Anglo Egyptian Bank and National Bank of South Africa with the merger had become a truly international organization.  Through a business deal that resulted in major Middle East, Africa and West Indies. Barclays Bank has always been an innovative company.  Barclays in 1966 before serving a UK credit card bank has become.  Next year in this world was the first bank of its users and to provide cash machines by 1972, her first TV ad was trying to become bank.  Barclays Bank UK end of the twentieth first century Tokyo and New York stock exchanges are listed bank shares has become, and it resulted in 2006 in which a high speed currency profits were 50% complete  is being moved outside the UK. Current events Reuters reported that the British government three banks, including Barclays, which over  £ 7 billion may seek 40 billion lbs (69 billion dollars) will admit.  Barclays later confirmed that his government rejected the proposal and instead of 6.5 billion pounds of new capital ( £ 2 billion dividend cancellation and by 4.5 billion pounds from private investors) will bear. In January 2009 according to press reports may need more capital and that the government agreed to fund this can be because it failed to do so by the State of Qatar in the past under investment rules  may have been a third party which shares much in October 2008 ordered compensation for them without receiving more money into Qataris. In March 2009 it was reported in 2008, Barclays insurance this preparation with AIG received billions of dollars, provided by the United States to bail out AIG Fund include 8.5bn $.  12 June 2009, Barclays Global Investors this unit, which includes an exchange of funds business, iShares, 13.5bn $ BlackRock business sold for.  In October 2009 the Standard Life Standard Life Bank Plc Barclays Plc sold.  1 January 2010 completed sales.  11 November 2009, Barclays and First Data, information technology to global trade, according to Barclays, which released the first data and consumer finance departments within the card platform will move is a compromise  .13 February, 2010 Barclays announced that more than 2 billion pounds in bonuses will pay. About leadership Leadership to achieve a desired goal all about harnessing people power and so the idea of leadership for organizational context can not be restricted.  This society through all the realms pervades, whether politics, religion or in corporate. Definition of leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ define leadership as we can: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚   George R. Terry to impress people for the purposes of the Working Group. Live happily. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚   interpersonal then use it and receive special purposes in the direction of guidance through the process of dialogue is the effect.   Robert Tannenbaum. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚   leadership of the affected people to achieve a common goal is to follow them Koontz ODonnell. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‚   leadership is a process under which a person influences others praised the success of group or organizations goals by members of the group.   Baron and Greenberg à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ clear definition as above all of Western ideas is concerned.  This is because, with a structured course of study and analysis as a formal sector leadership has been established yet in India because it is in Western countries. Leadership theories Great man theory Great man is the duty of principles including leadership ability that great leaders are born not made.  Their most daring ideas, mythic and leadership needed to increase the fixed bynqab is as great leaders.  The term great man used because, at that time, leadership quality as a man thought about basic military leadership, especially in terms of, was. Logos theory Some ways similar great man theory, theory assumed that symptoms of some features and attributes that lead them to better Validating inheritance.  Symptoms often views a particular personality or behavior by leaders identified common features.  But important features of specific leadership traits, how we who owns these properties but do not utter a leader?  This question led symptoms using theories to explain the difficulties is one.  Many researchers have demonstrated successful leadership traits like leadership, but not always sure they are doing is a place of high honor, sir.  It was observed that more than 100 researchers recorded symptoms such hardly10% 5 or more study is published.  Written test or tests near symptoms by priority to the selection procedure is taken.  This notion is the biggest problem that we led ordinary or global attributes can not. Unexpected ideas Environment, especially that particular style of leadership which best situation is probably better for variables related attraction leadership contingency theories.According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all circumstances.  Variable success of leadership style and followers of various aspects of the situation, including the large number of features depends on.  Unexpected behavior rule is a rule that has no better claim to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to decide is a kind of way.  Instead, the process maximum course contingent on internal and external situation (depending) is.  Many unexpected approach being developed concurrently in the late 1960s.  He suggested that bureaucracy is as Weber and Taylors management theories in the past failed because they ignored his management style and organizational structure of the environment was affected by different aspects: unexpected element  .  Or organization for leadership there one best way can not.Historically, contingency theory that formal structures are usually associated with, or better able to use different techniques to develop about broad generalizations have tried.  View the work of Joan Woodward (1958), which says that technology directly control period, authority centralization, and formalization of rules and procedures as an organization to determine the different properties began with  . Feedback conditions Circumstances change theories suggest that leaders on the situation the best way of action is selected.  Different style of leadership decision-making for specific types may be more appropriate.  This approach features the specific circumstances or environment is operating more on a guide emphasizes.  Leadership qualities vary from status or circumstances, and that any traits or leadership skills in the right conditions can become a standard. Behavior theories Behavioral theories of leadership is the belief that great leaders made, not born but are based.  Build its leadership in behaviorism theory, not leaders on mental qualities or internal states focuses on the works.  According to this theory, people become leaders through education and monitoring can learn. PARTICIPATIVE views Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style one that takes account of other peoples input.  Their leaders by group members encourage and support participation and contribution of members of the group decision-making process more relevant and committed to do.  participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow others input Management ideas Management ideas (as well as Transactional theories is said) organization and group supervision focusing on the role of performance.  Rewards and punishment system based on principles of leadership.  Management concepts often used in business and when employees are successful, they are rewarded when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished. Related ideas Related concepts (as well as ideological change is said) establish relations between leaders and followers focus on.  Transformational leaders encourage and help members of the group the importance of encouraging people and seeing more good work.  The leaders of the group members are focused on performance, but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential with the style leader often has high moral and ethical standards. Leadership style Leadership style to provide direction, planning process, and how to inspire people and have vision.  U.S. Army book, 1973 led to identify three ways: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ push aside the dictatorial or Member PARTICIPATIVE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ or democratic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ DELEGATIVE or Free State Although good leaders with one of these three styles are used, usually dominate, bad leaders want to stay with a style.  Barclays Bank is using the three leadership styles. Push aside the dictatorial or AUTICRATIC The style used when the leader your employees what he wants and how he wants without the advice of her followers have done is told.  Use some appropriate conditions is that when you all are aware of this problem, youre short on time, and your employees are also encouraged.  Some people run, demeaning language, using and led by threats and abusing their power as a car want to think about this scene.This is not push aside the dictatorial style but for someone abuse, unprofessional style bossing around people called.  A leader has no place in stock. Push aside the dictatorial style usually only be used on rare occasions.  If you have more time and commitment from their employees and want to get excited, you should use the participative style. PARTICIPATIVE or democratic -Style decision-making process of this type (determining what is and how to do) but including one or more employees are leaders. However, the leader maintains final decision making authority.  Use this style is not a sign of weakness, but strength of your employees will respect the signals.  It usually used when you share information, and in other parts of your employees is.  A leader is not expected to know everything thats why you employ staff with knowledge and capable.  The style is of mutual benefit using its employees to become part of the team allows you better and allows you to decide. DELEGATIVE or Free State In addition, non-intervention, interference in the affairs of others is not known.  This style, the leader allows employees to decide. However, MP is still responsible for such decisions are made.  When employees use it to analyze the situation and determine what needs to be done and how it is able to do it.  All you can do anything!  Set your priorities and specific tasks must Representative. To use a lot that you blame others when things can go wrong but a scene is used below when you people be confident and sure style.  One to use it, however, should not be afraid to be effective, it will be used properly!  Here a number of different ways, or to leadership and management style and various mfruzun principles are based.The style that individuals use their beliefs, values and priorities will be based on a combination, as well as organizational culture and norms, which encourage anyone, and will discourage others. In this regard, the following different approach can be classified under the head. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ CHRISMATIC leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PARTICIPATIVE leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ conditions under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ TRANSACTIONAL leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ TRANFOMATIONAL leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a quiet leadership à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Servant leadership Circumstances under which the organization decided to change the IMPLEMNT Organization change in the environment is like to face different challenges Absence of group skills Any organization is the most important skills that will increase its utility is established.Todays changing business environment and who were alive in the changing environment is efficient is.  The manager responsible for a positive change for others and encourage team work that the construction will change.  Not changing the rapid development of the other members easy environment manager accepts the need for change.  He helps them to understand new techniques and procedures.  You get good ideas but very real thing is accepted methods can be translated into these views.Measures the success of any change depends on approval. Lack of enthusiasm and encouragement To maximize movement between employees, managers need to think in terms of flexibility.  Yes, it needs to encourage employees.  Need to encourage employees in a diverse way of awards) ranks.  Manager of the most important goal of capacity development to help their employees and their development work on the various organizational areas provide a variety of learning experiences offered by can do so.1980 primary aspect of this work which various work skills to recognize the importance of work, autonomy, and feedback including Hackman point out One thing that an employees activities and art a number of different skills can use a variety of needs.  This full and identifiable piece of work requires the completion of his life or other peoples work had considerable influence.  If these things work in a person so important, precious and valuable as his or her work will see.  Job autonomy to the owner for work results of my personal responsibility to a sense of duty, and it provides that if a work is the opinion of staff know how effectively he or she will perform  .Encouraging to see from the perspective, these important dimensions shows that received internal awards when an employee shows that he or she is personally any work or they do not care that he has shown good performance on  are.  These conditions is one thing more, grater encourage employee performance and satisfaction and reduce his or her absence or resignation of the features and potential.  High growth with a highly individual experience serious psyc hological states and respond positively when their employment at the basic aspects of development is likely to include people need. Conflict Management A conflict between members of the organization ever arises.  This conflict is not always bad because sometimes good, with team conflict will learn more members, their problems in depth and would also give the most appropriate solution can understand.  Conflicts in the era of globalization teams identify and work success without sacrificing speed successful strategy decided.  But most times conflict results slow down work to success and effectiveness of control strategies will reduce.  An identity that are the root causes of conflict?  Some of these ideas and expectations, lack of information, uncertainty about roles with regard to personal differences are. The following are some points that help to deal with conflict are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ always work a lot of information. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Facts should primarily focus on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ more than one alternative should be developed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Everyone should be a goal. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ decision process is injecting humor. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ resolve issues without forcing consensus. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ maintain a balanced structure of power. Power and politics Power is the ability to control the environment.  If they decide he has power and can work.  If an employee has the right without any instructions can work.  Sometimes very empowering for the organization is very important.  An organization where employees empowered, they observed each other, to correct improper procedures are responsible for, in.  Manager quickly empower your employees are led through.  The decision to increase staff discretion is involved.  Millions of employees work the most important decisions that directly affect their work are.  Activities until very recently they only work part of the manager as seen particularly busy.  Due to empower more employees to those companies who know about the problems are most urgent to need to make decisions.  If organizations successfully competing in a dynamic global economy, they make decisions and change is immediately enforceable.  Increased work demands, managers have to deal with peoples empowerment.  When employees are skilled, knowledge and experiences to their work competently and when they want autonomy and internal locus of control property, it can be beneficial. Rapid changes Organizational change because of changes in internal and external environment are for.  These changes in order for the organization must be flexible to adjust. Diverse workforce Problems faced by another organization organizational goals emulation members work in various organizational efforts are coordinated.  Todays diverse workforce organization gender, race, nationality, age and other characteristics in terms that reflect differences in the more heterogeneous are the property.  Organization requires a large labor force more capacity to meet market demand will be.  Employees do not set their cultural values and lifestyle preferences when it comes to work.  The challenge is for managers, so their organization more different lifestyle, family needs, work style and by addressing different groups of people are accommodating.  Smart managers understand that diversity can be an asset because a companys ideas and problem solving skills is a wide and extra help organizations better understand a diverse customer can. Globalization Management is now forced by national borders.  Globalization is the major importance, and certainly the world has become global village.  All sizes and types worldwide organization manager in the world market is facing challenges to work.Manager of environmental factor like this) ranks due to challenges in the face of doing business.  That, to organize effectively plan, control and should lead cultural differences around the world are successfully managed. General barriers in an organization Organization requires a different kind of talent, but sometimes it happens that the organization has expertise but still not working as it should.  In many cases, the administration is not sensitive to change.  Best use of creative enough potential employees are not put.  The main obstacle is lack of vision to prevent the company to complete use of resources is one.  One to identify problems and potential solutions should be.  If manager for success is the ability to identify opportunities for the development of this will be a barrier.  If creative solutions if administration is not able to identify the long term this will be a problem for the organization.  Another problem that hinders organizational development, not all members are able to deal with the changing environment.  Some rules and values of each organization and its members have to follow the rules and values.  All members would be sensitive to change in this business that change is constant everywhere s hould be the member must change. Effective management Effective management is about: candidates with complete knowledge and create space. To increase productivity , more opportunities should be encouraged. In his current role of the workers to staff growth performance . The best staff performance Increased his wife for. Employee empowerment is very popular term, its growth and change for any organization is important.  Empowering employees for the organization leads to the best results.  Business generally agree that empower employees and increase productivity of the organization and its employees are loyal to the organization. Empowered employees provide better products and services When employees have a right to feel that he is powerful and is more confident.  The trust then leads to better products and services.  Organization for the development and empowerment programs to deal with the changing nature is critical.  Improve its performance and employees are the property of their jobs and products and services for our customers will take delivery.  He is the organization where customer interface is the customer service level. Empowered employees are loyal Whatever situation, more employee business owners, do not like the selection, and training is very expensive.  If employees during organizational change based on organizational development and its commitment to ensure loyalty of employees are right there.  Empowered employees take ownership and pride in their jobs when they know that they needed to exercise independent judge can. Empowered employees are productive When employees feel valued and that they considered their decision and management want to hear their ideas, they work harder to prove yourself right.Organizational development programs to help employees to implement measures included calls for.  And this will increase productivity. Empowered employees create good ideas With every employee got some ideas.  They have different skills can be.  If they share their views and their right to manage development and change management decisions can provide important insight.  He regularly using modern methods can get different products.  Really effective organization development and organization change programs are interested, they acknowledge and reward their employees and give feedback on a regular basis. Empowered employees spread the word Organizational pride if they increased staff development and change program will be strong.  The more empowered employees are more satisfied and more likely that the word is how the company will for others are spread.  We Barclays and Lehman Brothers statement further from unity will discuss. Barclays and Lehman Brothers One Global financial services provider Barclays in 2008 to improve its market to U.S. Lehman Brothers acquired.  Major problems had occurred while the overall Business interruption à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ customers move to other banks at least à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ two different business culture Lehman brothers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivation of staff Agent as a CAHNGE Effective handling of problems The first step to solve this problem is to identify the cause of the problem.  Sometimes the problem with employees by talking common behavior problems such minor or occasional tardiness, etc. There is a problem coaching manager or with the other employees directly between them work to resolve the issue with employees  What is an agreement by which a solution can be.  With this opinion for employees to improve their performance to provide is the responsibility of leaders.  Coaching requires time and patience and his behavior was a result of employees will. Poor performance Sometimes an employees expertise but still he does not perform well.  The reason he is upset or unsystematic can or is reckless.  This one can be removed through proper guidance.  But if lack of expertise because of poor performance by additional training can be corrected. Job incompatibility Sometimes this happens due to poor performance of the employees that work according to their abilities was not found.  Their skills are not synchronized or assigned to work with are not compatible.  This problem can be resolved through additional training or set them different work. Dirty work Whenever you feel some of the mistakes that employee errors, point made and closely monitoring their work.  It still they have made a mistake, talk to them and being careless or because they do not work properly due to or try to find out.  But all this one must be positive and know how important it is that the company should have employees. Create an effective message Consider the needs of everyone in the organization and design according to your message so that they understand what you are saying can.  Employee performance depends more on your message.  An effective message will have a great effect on the performance of employees.  A face to face talks will be more appropriate to accept change and support staff can do. Listen to your employees Change management is vital to employee feedback.  Encourage your employees by e-mail or the Internet can provide information.  Successful management of change communication on the basis of stone.  You and your initial conversation with most employees need to understand their message. Stakeholders involved in the change process Investors and business partners and suppliers This change management process influenced by investors to gain their capital investment, but with the old policy did not get that much benefit.  So to achieve their goals for change management process include. Bank employees Bank staff involved in change management process and against the change process because by the old policy is used to work on. Customer Customers included in the change process and change is in favor because they want immediate results and innovation in the organization, they want this change process to be affected. Government and NGO Government and non-governmental organizations and the way government organizations from more taxes and profit in an organization is not, then how they take more taxes and duties if other obligations expected to have affected.  On the other hand non-governmental organizations ask for help from organizations.  If they are not in a good position with the lot will affect their departments for the betterment of the organization want the process of change. 8 step change model is KOTTER Only constant is change. Heraclitus, Greek philosopher Max was true two thousand years ago, just as is true today.  We in a world where business as usual is changing lives in.  New initiatives, project-based work, technology improvements, ahead to stay competitive these things together as we continue to work for changes to run. Whether you a small change in one or two steps, or a systemwide change an organization are considered, it seems normal anxiety and fear of the scale of challenge. You need to change it, but you are supplying How to not really know about.  Where do I start?  How do you add?  You saw how to end by? How to change there are many ideas are about.  Many leadership and change management guru, John Kotter start with.  Harvard Business School and one of the worlds leading experts Professor of change, Kotter 1995 in his books eight step change process began, Leading Change.  We changed under the leadership of the eight steps to look at. Step One: Create instant To be changed, it helps if the whole company really want to do it.  Need for change around developing a sense of immediate.  These things help you get the initial transmission can spark enthusiasm. It is not only poor people figures show sales or talk about the matter more competitive.  That with the market and your competition is about a honest and open dialogue at ease.  Many proposed changes if you start talking about the immediate construction, and can feed on itself. What you can: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ identify potential hazards, and can be expressed in the future development of the situation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ testing opportunities, or, should be exploited. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ honest debate started, and dynamic and at ease talking to people and get to thinking of. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ customers, stakeholders and industry people out requested support to strengthen your argument. Two steps: form a powerful alliance Persuade people to change is necessary.  The most strong leadership and key people within your organization expressed by supports.

Terrible Teachers :: descriptive, classification, narrative

There are many different types of teachers, and we all have had that one really bad teacher. You might have had the one who stands at the font of the room and just talks, or the one who passes out assignments and will not answer your questions, or even the one who just sits in the back of the room and will not do anything. This is the teacher who ruins learning for everyone. First off, we have the teacher who talks at you, not to you or with you. They stand at the front of the room reading from the text book and they expect you to pay attention. They might stand there and say a few words, tell you to read, but not explain it clearly, hoping that everything that they say is understandable. You do not learn anything this way. Sometimes you need someone to explain it and talk with you. There is also the teacher who teaches to you, but will not answer your questions. They will attempt to explain it as best they can, but if you do not understand it, they think that it is your fault and you should learn it yourself. They may pass out a paper and when you raise your hand they ignore you. Then when you go to their desk to ask them your question, they say â€Å"Sit down†. If you do not understand something in the beginning of the assignment, how will you understand anything after? Finally, there is the teacher who when you walk into the room, is sitting in the back, staring their computers. You sit down and talk a little bit and expect them to get up to teach you something. When there is about ten minutes left of class, you realize that you are not learning anything today. Sure, the kids in the class might think that it is cool the first couple days, but after a while, it gets old not doing anything.

Unlimited Semiosis, Intertexuality and Ex-Centricity in Umberto

Dicle Erbay AKE 612/712 Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge Mutluay UNLIMITED SEMIOSIS, INTERTEXUALITY AND EX-CENTRICITY IN UMBERTO ECO’S THE NAME OF THE ROSE The title of The Name of the Rose suggests many interpretations about the thick book at first glance. Umberto Eco talks about this first impression and why he chose this title for his book in his expository article he published in Alphabeta called â€Å"Postille† (after). He says that the idea for the title was coincidental and he liked it at the first thought because the rose is such a meaningful and symbolic object that it actually lost its original meaning- having almost no meaning.After giving many references of the rose (The War of the Roses, The Rosencrantz Cult, Gertrude Stein's poem Sacred Emily), Eco explains that a potential reader would be baffled by such a title as it both meant everything and nothing at the same time. It would be impossible for him/her to reach up to a quick conclusion; in fact, that conclusion i s never to come. The title of a book, he concludes, should stumble up ideas, not put them in order. This explanation actually is a small prototype of the entire book in terms of its meaning and â€Å"conclusion†.The Name of the Rose is a book that has a multiplicity of meanings, an unlimited intertextuality, and an important theme of ex-centricity. However even this explicit announcement made for the title does not satisfy some result-obsessed people who continually ask Eco why he has chosen that title upon which he answers in his article â€Å"Reading My Readers†: â€Å"Because Pinocchio and Snow White were already copyrighted† (Eco 819). He seems to have become overwhelmed but his answer is not that silly either. He continues: â€Å"My simplistic answer concealed the fact that authors do not speak in the void and are determined- and even ensured- by previous texts†. Even such debate over the title only captures the importance of intertextuality for both Eco and his book. In this sense, The Name of the Rose is a book all about other books. In the same article, Eco goes on to explain how to interpret a text with neither consulting the author nor falling for quick conclusions. â€Å"The text is there. Narrators, as well as poets, should never be able to provide interpretations of their own work. A text is a machine conceived for eliciting interpretations. When one has a text to question, it is irrelevant to question the author† (Eco 820).Still, Eco must have felt to bring some clarifications upon some academics that had fallen into the pit of symbolic explanations for Eco’s work. Some wrong interpretations included â€Å"fishing for ultraviolet analogies† by a â€Å"paranoid reader†. What he did was to code a series of characters in one of his Foucault's Pendulum according to their initial letters; Abulafia, Belbo, Casaubon, and Diotallevi, making a pattern of ABCD. Another thing he tried to do was to attr ibute J&B label to Jacopo Belbo as he is a heavy whiskey drinker.Umberto Eco’s answer to these cryptograms (which he sees as â€Å"interpretive waste†) are surprisingly patient: â€Å"The alphabetical series ABCD is textually irrelevant if the names of the other characters do not bring it to X, Y, and Z; and Belbo drinks martinis and furthermore his mild addiction to alcohol is not the most relevant of his features†(Eco 824). Although Eco highlights intertextuality and symbolic references, he is never too simple to connect them to trivial pursuits. Thus, he obviously needed to describe a model reader for his works to be understood accordingly: â€Å"A text is a device conceived in order to produce its Model Reader.Such a reader is not the one who makes the â€Å"only right† conjecture. A text can foresee a Model Reader entitled to try infinite conjectures† (Eco 821). Therefore, the readers of The Name of the Rose, instead of trying to achieve one s ingle meaning, should be open to a multiple and diverse of meanings so that the text can be achieved. The author should also be aware of this fact; when he writes a book and publishes it, it will be open to anyone who reads it and it will be open to interpretations not according to the author’s intentions but by a complex strategy of interactions.Applying the Model Reader to The Name of the Rose, Eco says in â€Å"Postille† that he wants an accomplice for his game. While he was writing, he wanted to be completely specific to the Middle Ages and he wanted to live in the Middle Ages as if it were his own age (and vice versa). Simultaneously he wished for a reader who would fall victim to him, or rather his book and would want nothing more than the book presents him. Then he directly speaks to the reader: In short, I will present you so much of Latin, few women, abundant theology, litres of blood as in Grand Guignol that you will say â€Å"But this is wrong!I am out! â⠂¬  There, at that moment you will belong to me and you will feel the shiver of the eternal almightiness of God who baffles the order of the world. Then, if you are smart, you will realize how I have entrapped you, because in the long run I have been telling you this with each step; I have been warning you well about the fact that I have been dragging you into ending up in hell. Yet the best thing about the contracts made with Satan is that people’s knowingly signing it with whom they are doing business. Otherwise what is the deal about hell and rewarding anyway? my translation 655) What he is doing here is to play with the conventions of the novel, which would normally and readily accept any eager reader submerging oneself in the book, resting peacefully in between its orderly pages without any threat or trap, and ending smoothly in the bliss of closure. He is questioning and playing with those conventions by threatening his readers and proving his postmodern attitudes towa rds his act of writing as well as his readers. In order to reach a full understanding of a text, Eco has his theoretical explanations about signs that constitute texts.The Name of the Rose will reveal itself more in his article â€Å"The Theory of Signs and the Role of the Reader†. He talks about the freedom of use of a text and goes on to say: A text is [not] a clear crystal-clear structure interpretable in a single way; on the contrary, a text is a lazy machinery which forces its possible readers to do a part of its textual work, but the modalities of the interpretive operations-albeit multiple, and possibly infinite-are by no means indefinite and must be recognized as imposed by the semiotic strategies displayed by the text. 36) We are again made aware of the plurality of meanings of a text and its certain boundaries made out of semiotics. Every single sign works with its context and they help us in the process of understanding what we are reading (or seeing). â€Å"If si gns were not endowed with a certain text-oriented meaning metaphors would not work, and every metaphor would only say that a thing is a thing† (37).Therefore we need the theory of signs for a clean interpretation: In order to understand, then, how a text can be not only generated but also interpreted, one needs a set of semantico-pragmatic rules, organized by an encyclopedia-like semantic representation, which establish how and under which conditions the addressee of a given text is entitled to collaborate in order to actualize what the text actually says. (43) The Name of the Rose is a huge pool of signs and unlimited semiosis from which the reader is challenged to absorb every meaning and not to choose only one out of all those choices.It is such a thin line between coming to an understanding of a whole set of meanings at the same time without feeling overwhelmed and drowning in the ocean of signs in case of attempting to pin them all. Rather than coming to a conclusion, the book has infinite layers of a rose, from which the reader cannot reach a final meaning. The point is to derive pleasure from the process of meaning, not its closure. Adso also is a naive reader who should learn this notion throughout the book.One critic named Rocco Capozzi interprets Adso’s development under the light of Peircean ideas: On his journey-and it is most appropriate that a â€Å"novice, â€Å"in his gradual formation, should learn through the experience of a journey (one of the main, and most obvious, over coded symbols of The Rose) Adso learns from William that the nature of books is similar to the nature of â€Å"signs. † As he loses more and more of his naivete, and as he acquires more and more what Peirce calls â€Å"logica docens,† Adso learns to accept that when speaking of signs, he â€Å"can always and only speak of something that speaks . . of something else†; perhaps without ever arriving at the â€Å"final something†-at th e â€Å"true one†. This is only one of the many clear â€Å"traces† of Peirce's principle of unlimited semiosis in The Rose. (416) Adso questions William’s method of logic in trying to disclose the murders in the monastery as the latter seems to delay the solutions rather than reaching to them. He addresses Adso: Solving the mystery is not the same as deducing from first principles. Nor does it amount simply to collecting a number of particular data from which to infer a general law.It means, rather, facing one or two or three particular data apparently with nothing in common, and trying to imagine whether they could represent so many instances of a general law you don’t yet know, and which perhaps has never been pronounced. [. . . ] In the face of some inexplicable facts you must try to imagine many general laws, whose connection with your facts escapes you. Then suddenly, in the unexpected connection of a result, a specific situation, and one of those l aws, you perceive a line of reasoning that seems more convincing than the others.You try applying it to all similar cases, to use it for making predictions, and you discover that your intuition was right. But until you reach the end you will never know which predicates to introduce into your reasoning and which to omit. And this is what I am doing now. I line up so many disjointed elements and I venture some hypothesis. I have to venture many, and many of them are so absurd that I would be ashamed to tell them to you. (295-296) William is the critical or the Model reader that Eco yearns for. While reading the book, the reader’s attitude toward it should be like William’s method.Adso, on the other hand is the naive reader who cares more about a single truth rather than enjoying the process. Adso wants to hear about the truth in vain: – But then †¦ you are still far from the solution. – I am very close to one, but I don’t know which. – Th erefore you don’t have a single answer to your questions? – Adso, if I did I would teach theology in Paris. – In Paris do they always have the true answer? – Never, but they are very sure of their errors. (297) It is also possible to see William here as a different type of monk- he questions everything; even God’s word, yet not so openly.Still, his novice loses some of his respect towards him upon hearing there is not a single truth. He is worried about the murders and impatient to solve it immediately. He thinks that William is wasting time and disregarding the horrible events in the monastery: I had the impression that William was not at all interested in the truth, which is nothing but the adjustment between the thing and the intellect. On the contrary, he amused himself by imagining how many possibilities were possible. At that moment, I confess, I despaired of my master and caught myself thinking, ‘Good thing the inquisitor has come. I w as on the side of that thirst for truth that inspired Bernard Gui. (297) While we are enjoying the process of reading The Name of the Rose, we are presented with countless references from various writers, thinkers, poets, and so on. These references are not directly there in front of our eyes but the competent reader is quick to grab the source of the references he has known. They are so absorbed in the text that only what the reader knows is available to him/her. Capozzi defines The Name of the Rose â€Å"as a mosaic of books- as a novel of books within books, and of signs and a system of signs within other systems† (417).Intertextuality is another important aspect of The Name of the Rose which adds to the multiplicity of meanings. In fact, Eco's novel is a perfect example of conscious (and unconscious) â€Å"hybridization†; it is a text in which many other texts merge, fuse, collide, intersect, speak to, and illuminate, one another-each with its own language and â₠¬Å"ideologue. † The Rose, succinctly put, is a skillful (con)structure of an intentionally ambiguous, polyvalent, and self-reflexive novel in-tended to generate multiple meanings.Moreover, it is a novel which wishes to be: an intersection of textual â€Å"traces† and â€Å"textures†; a dialogue with many texts; and a literary text generated through the end-less process of writing and reading, re-writing and re-reading, etc. Looking for the sources of these references, however, is a futile journey in reading the book. If overemphasized this practice undermines â€Å"the whole strategy of overtly using quotations and intertextuality as a foreseen textual strategy for generating other texts† (Capozzi 414).It also overlooks Eco’s way of literary journey through encyclopedia of literature in the act of writing and ignores the re-writing and re-reading other texts as a text or an interrelationship of different discourses and meanings. Many critics has fou nd in The Name of the Rose references from several writers such as William of Occam, Roger Bacon, Alessandro Manzoni, Jorge L. Borges, Conan Doyle, Michail Bakhtin, Charles S. Peirce, Jury Lotman, Roland Barthes, Maria Corti, Eco's own theoretical and journalistic writings, and so on.The ultimate reference seems to be to the Bible as the books starts like Genesis and ends in an Apocalypse, adding the seven-day creation in the storyline by giving the account of the events in a week. It is also possible to see Bakhtin in Adso’s carnivalesque dream and the side ornaments that Adelmo draws on books. But the most significant of the references is undoubtedly to Borges as the book is so full of Borgesian elements like labyrinth, library, books about books and mirror that in fact some critics even claim that the true author of The Name of the Rose is Borges- not Eco.The most striking reference to Borges seems to be the name of the murderer: Jorge de Burgos. Eco personally answers to those who ask why the character’s name evokes the writer and why he is such a bad figure: â€Å"I do not know it myself, either. I was in need of a blind man in charge of the library (that seemed to be a good idea to me); and a blind library only begets Borges; because everything has a price† (my translation 644). It is also a revelation of his debts to Borges. In fact not only more than a few elements in the book are Borgesian but also Eco’s interpretation of a text finds its roots in the writer.Borges is known to see a book as a dialogue in which it engages with the reader and he does not accept it as an isolated entity. Moreover, Borges uses â€Å"a painstaking description of characters, dates, recondite historical facts, erudite philosophical debates, and detailed bibliographical references, each of which serves to blur the border between reality and imagination† (all of which is visible in The Name of the Rose) in the beginning paragraphs of many of his short stories (Corry 428).By such a detailed introduction, the reader is invited not to question the reality of the reported facts. Furthermore, â€Å"the profusion of characters, the scholarly questions, and the endless references to books and writers† also tell us that we are surrounded by a Borgesian jungle. Many short stories of Borges are also alluded to in the book. â€Å"A library representing the universe, its structure of a complicated and large labyrinth, the possibility of knowing the secrets of the world†, all remind us â€Å"The Library of Babel†.William’s role as a detective trying to â€Å"decipher the secret interior of the library only through examination of its exterior and with the help of mathematics† is similar to the detective Eric Lonnrot in â€Å"Death and the Compass† (Corry 428-429). The similarities are so many to count but Eco’s debt to Borges is undeniably great. The final significant feature of The Na me of the Rose that I am going to mention is its central theme of â€Å"ex-centricity†. It is the story of those who are driven away from the centre, the system and it is mostly used in historiograpic metafiction.The characters in the book are continuously struggling in and out of the centre. William and Adso are trying to enter the center of the library, Franciscans are trying to enter the center of the Church by making Avignon accept Jesus Christ’s poverty and Jorge is trying to keep his central position by protecting library at the cost of his and anybody else’s life. However, the ex-centrics in the book are mostly seen to establish their own meta-narrative; and thus creating their own circle. The most striking example is of the lepers.They are â€Å"misshapen, their flesh [is] decaying and all whitish, [they are] hobbling on their crutches, with swollen eyelids, bleeding eyes. † They do not â€Å"speak or shout†; they â€Å"twitter like miceâ €  (192). William explains their ex-centricity: â€Å"For the Christian people they are others, those who remain on the fringe of the flock. The flock hates them, they hate the flock, who wish all lepers like them would die. [†¦] The flock is like a series of concentric circles, from the broadest range of the flock to its immediate surroundings.The lepers are a sign of exclusion in general† (197-198). But the main point is revealed when William talks about the circles and their surroundings in general through the lepers’ exclusion as heretics: â€Å"This is the illusion of heresy. Everyone is heretical, everyone is orthodox. The faith of a movement proclaims doesn’t count: what counts is the hope it offers. All the heresies are the banner of a reality, an exclusion. Scratch the heresy and you will find the leper. Every battle against heresy wants only this: to keep the leper as he is† (194).The point is not to find a compromise or a remedy for the outsiders in all power relations but to keep them where they are. The Franciscans are also mostly desired to be excluded rather than to be listened and be given some credit. Instead of sharing an ocean of knowledge with the rest of the world, Jorge prefers keeping it all to himself for his own interpretation of order and submission and even kills himself by eating the poisoned pages of the book and burns the library. The meta-narrative, the center of the circle is so strong that its total destruction is more acceptable than its break.The argument of under which category The Name of the Rose is heated. It was labeled by many critics as: metaphysical, mystery, detective or anti-detective story, post-modern, historical, bildungsroman, gothic or essay novel, and so on. My impression is that the book might be all of this and none of this at the same time. Linda Hutcheon puts it under tha category of historiographic metafiction the definition of which is in the follows: Historiographic m etafiction works to situate itself within historical discourse without surrendering its autonomy as fiction.And it is a kind of seriously ironic parody that effects both aims: the intertexts of history and fiction take on parallel (though not equal) status in the parodic reworking of the textual past of both the â€Å"world† and literature. The textual incorporation of these intertextual past(s) as a constitutive structural element of postmodernist fiction functions as a formal marking of historicity-both literary and â€Å"worldly. † At first glance it would appear that it is only its constant ironic signaling of difference at the very heart of similarity that distinguishes postmodern parody from medieval and Renaissance imitation (see Greene 17). †¦ ] Nevertheless, a distinction should be made: â€Å"Traditionally, stories were stolen, as Chaucer stole his; or they were felt to be the common property of a culture or community †¦ These notable happenings, i magined or real, lay outside language the way history itself is supposed to, in a condition of pure occurrence† (Gass 147). [†¦ ] The intertextual parody of historiographic metafiction enacts, in a way, the views of certain contemporary historiographers (see Canary and Kozicki): it offers a sense of the presence of the past, but this is a past that can only be known from its texts, its traces-be they literary or historical.We are welcomed by Eco’s efforts to legalize the reality of his book; the book we are holding in our hands is actually a combination and edited version of many other writers other than Adso. The book is recorded by an Abbe named Vallet and it is the French translated manuscript of Dom J. Mabillon’s print, the author of which is Dom Adso of Melk. The book is made out of scattered notes, edited many times and travelled the most challenging journey- yet we have it in full and large form as it is. The suspense is there: what to believe in and what not to is always a mystery. The author as lost his authority by distancing himself from the origins of the book so far away that the reader does not give himself totally to what he has to say- there is a continuous and ongoing questioning. The intertextuality of the book is another marking of both literary and â€Å"worldly† historicity as Hutcheon says. It is a reminder of the past that we can never be sure to refer except from textual remaining. As the last line of the book suggests: â€Å"Stat rosa pristine nomine, nomina nuda tenemus. † [1] ———————– [1] Once a rose exists with its name, in our hands only names remain (my translation).