THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Butterfly Effect† was perhaps one of the best films I have ever seen. I found it mysterious, interesting and fascinating. I wanted to write my reaction paper about â€Å"Butterfly Effect† because of the similarity to the film we saw in class called â€Å"Donnie Darko†. Both films investigate the issue of destiny thoroughly. Both film had a male character that has memories, dreams or black outs which make them at first confused. But later on, they realized the power they have in order to change their destiny. The main difference between those two films is their endings. While Donnie Darko has a bad ending, Butterfly effect ends more optimistic. We can say the end of the film in â€Å"butterfly effect† is left to the audience to interpret. Also Donnie Darko had the time travel once but the main character Evan had the time travel several times. Both films impressed me much and changed my view about destiny. But the reason I write about ‘’ B utterfly Effect† is that it was more realistic than â€Å"Donnie Darko†. (Rabbit) While watching the film my suspense level was always at the top. Some points were kept mystical and contradictory till the end of the film. At the first scenes in Film, it is a little bit hard to understand what is happening, but later on, the story can be understand easily. At the beginning we know just that the main character Evan is living with his mom and has a bad childhood with full of missing memories and black outs. He started to get psychological treatment right a... THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT Essay -- essays research papers â€Å"Butterfly Effect† was perhaps one of the best films I have ever seen. I found it mysterious, interesting and fascinating. I wanted to write my reaction paper about â€Å"Butterfly Effect† because of the similarity to the film we saw in class called â€Å"Donnie Darko†. Both films investigate the issue of destiny thoroughly. Both film had a male character that has memories, dreams or black outs which make them at first confused. But later on, they realized the power they have in order to change their destiny. The main difference between those two films is their endings. While Donnie Darko has a bad ending, Butterfly effect ends more optimistic. We can say the end of the film in â€Å"butterfly effect† is left to the audience to interpret. Also Donnie Darko had the time travel once but the main character Evan had the time travel several times. Both films impressed me much and changed my view about destiny. But the reason I write about ‘’ B utterfly Effect† is that it was more realistic than â€Å"Donnie Darko†. (Rabbit) While watching the film my suspense level was always at the top. Some points were kept mystical and contradictory till the end of the film. At the first scenes in Film, it is a little bit hard to understand what is happening, but later on, the story can be understand easily. At the beginning we know just that the main character Evan is living with his mom and has a bad childhood with full of missing memories and black outs. He started to get psychological treatment right a...

Molar Mass of a Solid Essay

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined, and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However, when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added, also known as colligative properties. The temperature of the freezing point was lowered when the solid was added and it decreased as the concentration of the solid increased. The molality of the solute was determined, which was then used to calculate the molar mass of the solid for both trials. An average of the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol with a %RSD of 0.626%. The purpose of the experiment was to obtain the molar mass of an unknown solid. The molar mass is determined by dissolving the unknown compound into a pure liquid with defined physical properties, in this case Cyclohexane. When dissolving a solute, it forms a homogeneous solution, in which the solvent of the solution physical properties are not longer defined, but depends on the amount of solute added. Whenever a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure decreases. When the vapor pressure decreases, it also lowers the boiling and freezing point of the solvent and increases the osmotic pressure. These four properties are known as the colligative properties, the magnitude of the changes depends on the amount of solute dissolve; the changes are directly proportional to each other. The higher the solute concentration, the higher the changes of vapor pressure, therefore, a lower freezing point. It is hypothesized that the freezing point temperature will decreased, if there is a higher concentration of the solid added to the soution. Vapor pressure is th e  pressure exerted by a vapor when the vapor is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its liquid. When a nonvolatile solute is dissolves in the solvent, solute molecules occupy a part of the surface area. This allows molecules into the vapor state, lowing the vapor pressure of the solvent. When the vapor pressure lowers, the boiling point elevates, due to the presence of the solute. Solute added to the solvent affects the freezing point, the energy of the solvent lowers to increase the magnitude of the intermolecular forces for the molecules to get together to form a solid. The colligative properties are useful for determining molar masses of unknown nonvolatile solute. At low concentrations of a nonvolatile solute, the freezing–point of depression of a solvent can be determine by Tf = Kf (solvent) -Tf (solution) = Kf m. Changes in freezing point Tf are directly proportional to the molality, m, of the solute in solution (molality, m = mol solute/ kg solvent). The freezing-point constant, Kf for Cyclohexane is 20ËšC †¢ k/mol, which is used to obtain the amount of moles of solute in the solution, which is inversely proportional to the change of freezing point Tf. The molal mass obtained is essential to obtain the molar mass of the unknown solid (solute). The molal mass shows the unknown amount of moles of solute are need it per kilogram of solvent. Acquiring the number of moles of solute and analyzing it with the grams of solute measured in the laboratory obtaining the molar mass of the unknown solute.i The cooling behavior of a solution different from a pure liquid solution when a solute it’s added. Te temperature at which the solution begins to freeze is lower than the pure solvent. The freezing point also lowers when there is a higher concentration of solute added to the solution. The molar mass of unknown solid can be determined by any of the colligative properties, the freezing point is not an exception and by knowing the mass of solute and temperature of the freezing point, the molar mass can be obtained. Discussion: The freezing point depression is a colligative property of solutions, which is based only on the amount of solute added and not the defined chemical and physical properties of the substance. The freezing point of Cyclohexane observed was 4.97ËšC, from the cooling curve (Figure 1). Freezing point values of Trial 1 and Trial 2 were collected, to compared to the freezing point of Cyclohexane and determine he depression of the solute. The unknown solid yielded a freezing depression of 3.64ËšC for trial 1, and 2.84ËšC for trial 2 (Figure 2 & 3). These values were compared to the original mass of unknown solute added to the Cyclohexane and the approximate molar mass of  the unknown solid. The molar mass that was calculated for trial 1 was 288.14-g/mol, while trial 2 was 285.60-g/mol (Table 3). The average of the molar mass was calculated, and the molar mass of the unknown solid observed was approximately 286.87-g/mol. When calculating the standard deviation was obtain only +1.796g/mol when comparing both trials to the mean. The values are apparently close up together, making them highly precise, however, is unknown if the values are accurate, the unknown solid actual molar mass still unknown. The relative standard deviation percent, obtained was 0.626% (Table 3); this measurement expresses precision of the data, the smaller RSD the greater the precision for the average value of the data. The %RSD, is extremely low, making it the results a tremendously precise data of the mean. However, there was a possible error that could have affected the results. The error occurred during recording the cooling temperature of trial 1, the ice melted and the test tube was removed to add more ice into the beaker. Also, while recording the temperature of the Cyclohexane upon addition of unknown solid, the sample was not stir and therefore the value could have probably been invalid. Constant stirring of solution would have assured an even mix of the solute particles and a more accurate freezing point. These small errors could have affected both trials creating a higher observed molar mass value for both trials. Conclusion: The experiment allowed for the determination of freezing point of Cyclohexane based on a logger pro software with calibrated thermometers to be approximately 4.97ËšC (Table 1). Freezing point depression was observed when two trials of different concentration of the unknown solid were added to the Cyclohexane. As the concentration of the unknown solid increased, the freezing point of the solution was also lowered (Table 2). As seen on Figure 4, when placing all three graphs it is visible, when solute is added a lower freezing point is observed. Using experimental measurements, the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol. Based on the relative standard deviation percent (%RSD) of 0.626%, shows a highly precise measurements of unknown solid molar mass when compared to the mean values.

The Discourse Of Shakespeare s Hamlet ( Rough Draft )

The Discourse of Dance in Shakespeare’s Hamlet (Rough Draft) Alan Brissenden, a noted dance critic and Shakespearean scholar, asserts that â€Å"when Shakespeare uses dance it always contributes to plot, character, or imagery, and sometimes to all of these at one time (â€Å"Jacobean† 249). In the comedies, dance is used in the first few acts of the play to create an atmosphere of dramatic irony: dance, in its fundamental purpose in the Elizabethan and Jacobean theater was to create a sense of harmony and goodwill; when paired with the plot of a tragedy, dance stands in stark contrast to the discord of the final acts. Dance, therefore, makes a â€Å"dramatically relevant comment on the action to follow† (Shakespeare 75). Though extensively covered by academic discourse, little research has been conducted concerning the use of dance and dance imagery in Hamlet. Shakespeare uses the discourse of dance and clowning to define Hamlet’s character. Dance does not inform the action, but rather informs the inaction. It defin es Hamlet’s state of mind and his lack of desire to escape his melancholy. Dance is a means through which he criticizes others, criticism which draws these characters into his own madness. During the Early Modern period, dance had many uses; it was considered a form of medicine, a sign of religious exaltation, and a social necessity. Dance was a popular form of exercise and hygiene, keeping the humors in balance and promoting good health much like hunting, walking,Show MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  15 73 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Essay on Challenges Facing America - 741 Words

Challenges Facing America One of the most important responsibilities of our nation is to protect and serve its citizens. As the new millennium begins, our nation must overcome many challenges that affect this responsibility. Three of the most important are terrorism, illiteracy, and the lack of moral values. Americans have considered terrorism as a horror that occurs in other countries and not as a real threat to America itself. As the recent terrorist attacks on our nation shows, this opinion was gravely incorrect. There are several policies in both the private sector and our government, which contributed to our vulnerability to terrorism. Most people assume that all luggage and passengers are closely screened before they are†¦show more content†¦Often foreign students never show up for school and roam freely through this country without anyone’s knowledge. The best way to prevent terrorist attacks in the future is by the gathering of information about terrorist schemes while they are in the planning process. The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) is the agency responsible for gathering this information. Since the Watergate scandal of the 1970’s, it has been hindered both in the planning of intelligence operations and in tactics used to gather the intelligence. Intelligence operatives can never effectively help in the prevention of future attacks if they do not have the leeway necessary to gather information about such attacks while the terrorists are in the process of planning them. In addition to terrorism, our nation must consider the problem of illiteracy. The right and freedoms of an illiterate citizen are more limited than those of citizens who can read or write are. Voting is a privilege and right that all Americans are entitled to, but an illiterate person cannot take advantage of this right because of their inability to read. They cannot read newspapers or any other material that would help them form an opinion on which candidate would best serve their interests. Most rarely, go to the polls because they cannot read the ballot. Their voice continues to go unheard. An illiterate person has few jobShow MoreRelatedEssay Challenges Facing New Immigrants in America1122 Words   |  5 Pages America is often known as the land of opportunity, a place where you can be free. Many Immigrants came to America so that they could have a greater possibility at succeeding in life. Immigrants took a leap of faith when coming to America, for some it worked out well but for others they had a difficult time here. Despite the struggles that the immigrants encountered such as; standing out from others, being separated from their families, and breaking their culture, the immigrants areRead MoreThat Can Be Us By Thomas Friedman And Michael Mandelbaum1561 Words   |  7 Pages That Used to be Us by Thomas Friedman and Michael Mandelbaum discusses the four major challenges that the United States faces, globalization, the IT revolution, chronic deficits, and energy consumption. The authors also give plausible solutions to the problems facing America and s tress the point that if something is not done now then the United States will face the consequences. Is the American Century Over? by Joseph Nye argues that the American century is not over, and gives scenarios of possibleRead MoreThe American Civil War : Three Perspectives1629 Words   |  7 PagesStates lost the Civil War is based on three articles, each with a different perspective. According to Died of Democracy by David Donald, the Confederates were defeated because of internal challenges facing the 11 Sothern States seeking independence. Some of the challenges facing the Confederate States of America included a predominantly agricultural economy and slave revolts. In Why the South Lost by Beringer et al., the authors argue that the Confederates lost because of their weak nationalism, whichRead MoreConsumer Opinions And Observations Regarding The American Auto Industry847 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat majority is even willing to pay more for a made in America product, based on beliefs that these products are better quality, have better safety standards and because someone in the family has a shared belief, which supports American values. â€Å"But in our increasingly complex global economy, how much meaning does a label stating â€Å"Made in America† still hold?† (Made in America - Consumer Reports, n.d.) Where the concept of made in America has struggled most is in the auto industry. â€Å"To help consumersRead MoreEssay : Jamestown And The Founding Of America1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthat were available, food and water, and even a change in people. This meant that there were some challenges that these people had to face, and in order to survive, these people must find solutions to this. It is apparent in the texts, â€Å"Settlement: Jamestown and the Founding of America† by James Horn and â€Å"A Day on the Trail† by Jerry Miller. In these texts, they both show the similarity of having challenges with the Native Americans, as well as having different solutions to overcome it. The Native AmericansRead MoreSecurity Issues Facing Air Cargo Industry1486 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity Issues Facing Air Cargo Industry Air cargo industry is one of the most important elements in the transportation industry since it is responsible for transporting more than 35 percent of the value of total international trade, which accounts for more than $5.1 trillion. The air cargo industry, which is commonly known as air freight industry assists in capitalizing economic prosperity for nearly every country. The significance of this industry is evident in its role in stimulating businessRead MoreWhat Is Freight Transport System702 Words   |  3 Pagesshare of fixed costs in the overall transportation cost is much high in Europe versus North America. When transporting freight by railway in North America, rail companies look for the shortest route for each train car while European rail companies devote their focus to the high utilization and consolidation in each train car. The capacity of each train and how the cost is structured differs from North America to Europe due to infrastructural and institutional reaso n. Many railway networks throughoutRead MoreChanging Business Management Styles: Celebrity Cruise Lines Case Study1803 Words   |  7 Pagescase of Celebrity Cruise Lines, the company is undergoing similar challenges. To respond to these issues, the firm has been moving away from their core business model (i.e. medium sized ships and small markets). As time has gone by, executives have realized the need for competing more aggressively. This has caused the firm to increase the risks they are taking in order to receive a larger reward. To determine the challenges facing the company, we will analyze these issues and provide possible solutionsRead MoreThe Crisis Of American Politics795 Words   |  4 PagesThe authors of this book gave a vivid picture of how America has lost his way in the world that it invented. They went further to portray how America has been on a decline both economically and politically based on many challenges they are facing presently like inability to adapt to gl obalization, acclimatizing with the revolution in information technology, battling with chronic deficits because of its increasing weight on government, and pattern of excessive energy consumption. Additionally, theyRead MoreChallenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesThere are a myriad of challenges facing the American auto industry. Environmental challenges, however, are the most difficult ones to face and overcome. Some environmental issues that effect the American auto industry are; global competition in the industry, new technology for powering the product that this industry produces, the effect of emissions on the environment and government reactions to this, and consumer opinions about the product. â€Å"An analysis of the external environment is a part of the

Deciding Between Olympics or Baseball for My Reasearch Paper

Deciding on a topic for my multi-genre English project was harder than I had expected. Considering how much information is available, different viewpoints of the issue and whether or not the subject would be interesting enough made finalizing a topic difficult for me. I narrowed my choices down to the Olympic Games or Major League Baseball, as I have a strong interest in sports, especially baseball. While researching the Olympics, I was able to find plenty of information. When I first started my Google search, I simply typed in â€Å"Olympics,† which gave me over 200 million results. From there, I narrowed down my Google searches into much more specific categories, such as the history of the Olympics, steroids in the Olympics and Special†¦show more content†¦From there, I simplified my searches into more narrow areas, such as the history of Major League Baseball, steroids in the MLB and spring training for Major League Baseball. These subtopics gave me fewer results, averaging in the 50 million range. With this many results for the narrowed topics, taking different view points in each paper to the broader topic would be easy. Using the same database as I did for the Olympics, EBSCO, I was able to find almost 26,000 results for Major League Baseball. The subcategories resulted in fewer sources, around 1,000 each. Google Scholar also offered a sufficient amount of sources, about 1 million for Major League Baseball in general, and around 40,000 for each narrowed search. Both the database results and Google Scholar results provided me with more educated writings and information on Major League Baseball than that of Google. Again, eBooks seemed to be the most logical answer to finding print sources on Major League Baseball. I was able to find over 100 eBooks, on one site alone, with information regarding Major League Baseball. The information I found on Major League Baseball was interesting and ample. Using the sources I found while researching the t opic would lead to a well written multi-genre project. After considering many topics for my multi-genre English project, I was able to narrow it down to the Olympics or Major League Baseball. Then, after researching both subjects, analyzing the amount

Barton Clara Essay Research Paper Clarissa Harlowe free essay sample

Barton, Clara Essay, Research Paper Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born December 25, 1821, in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Her male parent, Captain Stephen Barton, was a husbandman, horsebreeder, and respected member of the community. Her female parent, Sarah, managed the family and taught Barton the importance of cleanliness. Barton was the youngest of 5 kids. At the eruption of the Civil War, Barton resigned from the Patent Office to work as a voluntary. She advertised for supplies and distributed patchs, socks, and other goods to assist the hurt soldiers. In 1862, Barton was granted permission to present supplies straight to the forepart, which she did without fail for the following two old ages. In 1864, Barton was given the place of overseer of Union nurses. After the war, she received permission from President Lincoln to get down a letter-writing run to seek for losing soldiers. During the old ages following the war, Barton lectured about her war experiences, continued her work at the Office of Correspondence, and worked with the suffragist motion. We will write a custom essay sample on Barton Clara Essay Research Paper Clarissa Harlowe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, by 1869, Barton had worked herself into a physical dislocation. She followed her physician # 8217 ; s orders and traveled to Europe to rest and recover her wellness. It was during this trip that Barton learned about the Treaty of Geneva, which provided alleviation for ill and wounded soldiers. Twelve states had signed the pact, but the United States had refused. Barton vowed to look into the affair. During this clip, Barton besides learned about the Red Cross. When Barton returned to the United Stat Es in 1873, she began her campaign for the Treaty of Geneva and the Red Cross. After disbursement clip at a watering place in Danville, New York to better her wellness, Barton moved to Washington DC to buttonhole for her causes. Due to her attempts, the United States signed the Geneva Agreement in 1882. In add-on, the American Red Cross organisation was formed in 1881, and Barton served as its first president. Several old ages subsequently, she wrote the American amendment to the Red Cross fundamental law, which provided for catastrophe alleviation during peace clip every bit good as war. Barton remained Red Cross president until 1904. During her term of office, she headed up alleviation work for catastrophes such as dearths, inundations, plague, and temblors in the United States and throughout the universe. The last operation she personally directed was alleviation for victims of the Galveston, Texas inundation in 1900. In add-on, she served as an envoy of the Red Cross and addressed several International Conferences. In 1904, Barton was forced to vacate her place as president. She experienced increasing unfavorable judgment of her leading manner, and many felt it was clip for the organisation to be led by a larger, cardinal disposal. On May 12, Barton resigned. For the following 8 old ages, she lived in her place at Glen Echo, Maryland. Clara Barton died on April 12, 1912, from complications of a cold. The mission of her life can be summed up in her ain words, # 8220 ; You must neer so much as think whether you like it or non, whether it is endurable or non ; you must neer believe of anything except the demand, and how to run into it. # 8221 ;

Labor Essays - Social Justice, Unemployment, John Haltiwanger

Labor Statistics The relatively recent development of longitudinal establishment datasets has generated quite a bit of excitement in both the academic and the statistical communities. From this literature, we have learned that there is a large amount of volatility at the individual establishment level that underlies the smooth time series of aggregate employment growth. The descriptive statistics coming out of this literature have not only stimulated the review and updating of existing labor market theories, but have also stimulated the U.S. statistical agencies to develop their administrative datasets in such a way so as to produce longitudinal job flow statistics. The purpose of this paper is to use a new longitudinal database from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in order to examine how establishment births and deaths contribute to job creation, job destruction, and net employment growth at different frequencies of measurement. Despite all that we have learned about the labor market from the existing job flows literature, the conclusions that can be drawn from these studies are somewhat limited. First, almost all of the existing work using U.S. data has been restricted to the manufacturing sector. Recent work by several authors has illustrated how job creation and job destruction in manufacturing may not be representative of the entire U.S. economy. 1 A second limitation is that most of the existing empirical work on job flows, either by choice or by necessity, is based upon data that excludes the smallest establishments. 2 Since most establishment births and deaths are quite small, at least in the short run, we are thus unsure how these births and deaths influence employment growth. While data that focuses on large establishments will cover most employment, an analysis of job flows depends on the magnitude of employment flows at continuing establishments relative to the incidence and average size of establishment births and deaths. The longitudinal database introduced in this paper is not subject to either of these limitations. The microdata upon which this paper is based are the unemployment insurance reports that 1 The studies by Davis and Haltiwanger (1990, 1992), Davis, Haltiwanger, and Schuh (1993, 1996), and Dunne, Roberts and Samuelson (1988, 1989a, 1989b) have all used manufacturing data housed at the Center for Economic Studies at the U.S. Census Bureau. Recent work with unemployment insurance data by Anderson and Meyer (1994), Foote (1997), Lane, Stevens, and Burgess (1996), and Leonard (1987) has looked at other sectors of the economy. 2 Small plants with less than five employees are not in the sample frame of the Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) data used by Davis, Haltiwanger, and Schuh (1996); these plants represent about one-third of all plants and about 4 to 7 percent of employment. Using the Census of Manufactures, Dunne, Roberts and Samuelson (1989a) exclude manufacturing plants with less than 5 employees; these excluded plants account for between 30 and 40 percent of all plants but represent only one percent of employment. The firm sample used by Anderson and Meyer (1994) includes only firms with at least 50 employees; this sample accounts for 83 percent of employment. Bibliography Anderson, Patricia M. and Bruce D. Meyer. 1994. "The Extent and Consequences of Job Turnover." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 177-236. Audretsch, David B. and Talat Mahmood. 1994. "The Rate of Hazard Confronting New Firms and Plants in U.S. Manufacturing." Review of Industrial Organization, pp. 41-56. Baldwin, John R. and Paul K. Gorecki. 1989. "Measuring Firm Entry and Exit With Panel Data." Proceedings of the Statistics Canada Symposium on Analysis of Data in Time. Baldwin, John R. and Paul K. Gorecki. 1991. "Firm Entry and Exit in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector, 1970-1982." Canadian Journal of Economics, pp. 300-323. Boeri, Tito. 1996. "Is Job Turnover Countercyclical?" Journal of Labor Economics, pp. 603-625. Boeri, Tito and Lutz Bellmann. 1995. "Post-entry Behaviour and the Cycle: Evidence from Germany." International Journal of Industrial Organization, pp. 483-500. Boeri, Tito and Ulrich Cramer. 1992. "Employment Growth, Incumbents, and Entrants." International Journal of Industrial Organization, pp. 545-565. Br?derl, Josef and Rudolf Sch?ssler. 1990. "Organizational Mortality: The Liabilities of Newness and Adolescence." Administrative Science Quarterly, pp. 530-547. Br?derl, Josef, Peter Preisend?rfer, and Rolf Ziegler. 1992. "Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organizations." American Sociological Review, pp. 227-242. Davis, Steven J. and John C. Haltiwanger. 1990. "Gross Job Creation and Destruction: Microeconomic Evidence and Macroeconomic Implications." NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp. 123-168. Davis, Steven J. and John C. Haltiwanger. 1992. "Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction, and Employment Reallocation." Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. 819-863. Davis, Steven J. and John C. Haltiwanger. 1995. "Measuring Gross Worker and Job Flows." NBER Working Paper #5133. Davis, Steven