The Significance of Literary Knowledge in Parodic Poetry...

A precritical response to any literature can be loosely defined as the initial raw, emotional reaction to the piece. The feeling of confusion, disgust, impassiveness, or pure joy can follow any reading. On the other hand, a critical response is a critical evaluation or, more specifically, an intellectual response to a piece of literature. Critically thinking about a piece of literature involves taking the work and breaking it down into different parts, thus aiding in understanding the work and specific parts of it to the work as a whole. However, this is easier said than done. Being able to think critically about a text takes a vast knowledge of literature and a keen eye to recognize patterns, and each form comes with its own difficulties†¦show more content†¦Hecht’s poem employs the use of a framed narrative to tell the perspective of the woman in the room. It is from her perspective that allows the reader to see where the title of the poem, The Dover Bitch, comes in to play. The speaker says, â€Å"†¦[she] really felt sad, thinking about all the wine and enormous beds†¦and then she got really angry. To have been brought all the way down from London, and then be addressed as a sort of mournful cosmic last resort†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hecht, lines 13-18). From here, the reader is led to understand that the woman could really care less about what the speaker from Dover Beach was saying. She was more preoccupied with missing her materialistic lifestyle in London, or being so close to France and all of the extravagancies it has to offer. In Dover Beach the speaker pleads to the woman, â€Å"†¦let us be true to one another! For the world†¦hath really neither joy, nor love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Arnold, 29-33). The speaker of The Dover Bitch, at the end of the poem, claims to see the woman from time to time, suggesting that he is secretly her lover. By doing this Hecht, sets up a type of dramatic irony between the two poems. The speaker asked h er to be true to him, and unbeknownst to him she was cheating with the speaker of The Dover Bitch. Thus, a critical analysis of The Dover Bitch can conclude that Hecht was criticizing the idea of Arnold’s poem that love can overcome the sadness and hurt that the world produces, because in the end love can be just as hurtful

How Culture And Perception Are Directly Influenced By...

The idea behind language as culture is explained succinctly by dividing the description into a framework of separate ideas. By breaking down how perception is developed through environment and the presence of norms, culture is demonstrated as the provider that perpetuates this social environment. The cohesion required of large populations begins with cooperation and communication. From the expression of traditions, the reinforcements of norms through stories and the passing of knowledge, language is the cohesive glue of people to environment. This can be exemplified further by a pursuit that transcends individual populations to create a separate culture and therefore maintains its own environment. In this paper I hope to analyze and illustrate how culture and perception are directly influenced by language. Beginning with the knowledge that perception drives the creation of anything from human minds or hands, it can easily be suggested that interactions with the surrounding world are subject to this same perception. The very experience of living is sensory and and dependant on what is presented to stimulate those senses. Following this logic what has been created through the influence of environment is, according to the author and Material Culturalist Richard Grassby, â€Å"subject to both etic and emic analysis† (592). The reality of social interactions within a given environment, and the people who inhabit this space, must also â€Å"be structured to be perceived and understood†Show MoreRelatedIntercultural Communication798 Words   |  4 Pagespeople understand linguistic relativity and language ideologies in order to avoid misunderstandings and achieve effective intercultural communication. First of all, understanding linguistic relativity encourages people to pay attention to differences between various languages. How people perceive and experience the world around them can be influenced by language differences. (Piller, 2011) For example, people may act differently depending on what languages they are using. Daniel Oh explained that inRead MorePerception of Women in the Media1006 Words   |  5 Pages Language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing. It is considered as an art because when used it able to help a person develop or create a certain picture in the mind. Language being an artifact of culture means that it is an interesting thing that is created by the people. It is an aspect of their way of life of the people. It also helps in development of theRead MoreImproving Awareness Of The Indigenous Peoples And Cultures1478 Wor ds   |  6 Pages Rationale: The lesson sequence targets AITSL Standard 2.4 and affords Indigenous Australian peoples justice by helping to destroy misconceptions about them, their histories and their cultures. Unfortunately, Australian schools have been identified as a major setting of race-based discrimination (Lester, 2000, p.12). However, children and adolescents are at periods of substantial development in cognitive, social and emotional skills when they are at school (Aboud Levy, 2000, p. 270) and schoolsRead MoreEnglish Part 11367 Words   |  6 Pagescontrasting to Journey, The North Coast What ideas about discovery does this text convey and what techniques does the composer use to represent their view of Discovery?! ! Emotionally or Physically rediscovering something challenges an individuals perception preventing them to stimulate new ideas and speculate future possibilities. As rediscoveries are sudden and unexpected the ramifications differ for individuals and their worlds leading to powerful repercussions. These ideas are shown through TimRead MoreCriminalization Vs Criminalization982 Words   |  4 Pages1. Criminalization is a process where people outside of the dominant social norms is labeled as a criminal, and is influenced by racism, sexism, and nationalism ideologies. In criminalization, laws are made to make certain bodies and acts criminal, and is a multi-step practice in which media representation helps shape popular views of criminal behavior and criminals. Examples are laws forbidding homosexuality and minimum sentencing for possession of drugs. A person can be criminalized for same-sexRead MoreAustralian English and National Identity984 Words   |  4 Pageslike today, and how does it reflect our identity as a nation? Language use in Australia constantly and rapidly changes to reflect the ever-evolving Australian national identity. It is being influenced by American culture, through its pervasive media, and altered to create a unique identity that addresses the needs of the younger Australians. Technology, the loss and gain of expressions, changing perception of taboo words and political correctness also attribute to the way that language has evolved toRead MoreEssay about Concept Analysis on Self Perception1071 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept analysis on self-perception. Self-perception is non-discriminatory in that it crosses all socio-economic, religious and ethnic backgrounds. The effects of self-perception can be and usually are life altering. Self-perception can tear at the fabric of the victims self-confidence, self-worth and trust in their perceptions when relating to life events, eventually causing a chasm or warped view of the inner self. The reason for examining self-perception relat es to how it affects the healingRead MoreMorality Essay examples1606 Words   |  7 PagesMorality is defined as a system or code that we humans use to differentiate between right and wrong. This system could be derived from a number of factors: religion, culture, and upbringing. It is difficult enough to determine what an individuals morals are, but going further to determine how we came to possess those morals is even more ambitious. Still, regardless of its difficulty, this subject consumes many philosophers and psychologists. One such moral psychologists, Jonathan Haidt, is theorizingRead MoreThe Effects Of Rap Music On Social Behavior Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesmusic has been at the center of concern in regards to the potential harmful effect of violent media on social behavior amongst youth. This potential behavior could be seen in the music video titled â€Å"Kim† by Eminem. In this music video, the storyline, language and sound encourages hostile thoughts an d feelings amongst its audience. In the music video, Kim husband catches her cheating on him in their home with another man, while he is away. However, when Marshall gets home and finds out that his wife isRead MoreThis Essay Will Be Discussing The Forms Of Communication1513 Words   |  7 Pagesbureaucratic guidelines will be implemented within my department to ensure all employees are working with the same expectations and understanding of their roles. If employees recognize their respective duties and understand their rank within the system and how best to communicate with their colleagues then achieving organisational cohesion will be straight forward. The modes of communication in the workplace (both formal and informal) will be quintessential in ensuring that order is maintained and communication

Kids, Work and Persuasive Essay Topics Elementary

Kids, Work and Persuasive Essay Topics Elementary What's Actually Happening with Persuasive Essay Topics Elementary The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. After all, the standard of persuasive writing is frequently a product of the topic itself. If you can select the problem by yourself, it's possible to produce the issue of interest! Since you can see, lots of the topics listed are new and handle the recent issues happening in the World today. The Principles of Persuasive Essay Topics Elementary You Can Benefit From Beginning Right Away Books should not be banned. Every American should learn how to speak English. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Type of Persuasive Essay Topics Elementary There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Although h aving the ability to write persuasively can look like a tricky thing for children to learn, remind them that everyone has valid opinions. Writing and essay is an excellent method to talk about your own ideas with different individuals. Select a topic to demonstrate like Everybody should use reusable bags when they visit the grocery story. The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to create the reader want to talk about the interesting persuasive essay topics of your pick. Utilize your individual opinions to correct the reader's point of view. For instance, you ought to keep the readers in mind while you select arguments to strengthen your position. Pick the one which you believe you can offer strong points that will persuade your audience. It is essential to consider various points of view and choose one which you consider correct. Before you commence writing your essay, you should study the sources applicable to the prospective subject, and make certain you have enough evidence to hold up your thesis statement. There are a couple of basic guidelines to follow to be able to be in a position to compose a decent persuasive essay. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. At their next meeting, you'll have the opportunity to state your case. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportunity to think about doing it. Women ought to be fined each time they scream. Kids should have the ability to vote. Some feel parents ought to be allowed to provide permission for their minor children to have tattoos, because they are making the decision for their own children. Children should have to read more. They should be able to use cellphones in school. You need to remember that the structure of a satirical essay is most likely to be identical to any variety of different essays. A satirical essay is going to have an introduction, some principal paragraphs and a conclusion. All persuasive essays are like argumentative essays. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to think about a topic that may create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. Also explain that preparation a part of the general speech grade. There are a lot of thi ngs which can be discussed in regards to education. Do not neglect to develop an efficient outline to be successful! Make your argument powerful and clear. If you decide on one of these topics, you'll surely succeed to draw the interest of your audience only because they involve the latest discussion topics. If you opt to work on a financial subject, you must know about the subject. Well, first, you're need to find good persuasive speech topics. This list of topics may supply a concept that you could get excited about. Persuasive writing a topic or name the very first, but you desire to find. With all these things to argue about and for, it may be a bit overwhelming to develop a topic all on your own. In the actual sense, it's tricky to pick a fantastic persuasive essay topic from numerous fantastic topic ideas. The Persuasive Essay Topics Elementary Pitfall An argumentative paper is part of the persuasion. Therefore you may not take to fret about the specific assignme nt, never matter if it's considered a sociable science task or a completely new history material. Another good idea is to receive some totally free essay examples of different sorts and on various subjects to find a general idea of the way in which a thriving debatable paper looks. You have to see all them before creating your final option.

Racism and Contact Hypothesis free essay sample

Assessing Three Proposals in Light of Psychological Evidence Daniel Kelly, Luc Faucher, and Edouard Machery At the end of a chapter in his book Race, Racism and Reparations, Angelo Corlett notes that â€Å"[t]here remain other queries about racism [than those he addressed in his chapter], which need philosophical exploration . . . Perhaps most important, how might racism be unlearned? † (Corlett 2003, 93). We agree with Corlett’s assessment of its importance, but ? nd that philosophers have devoted relatively little attention to the issue of how to best deal with, and ultimately do away with, racism. Discussion is often con? ned to cursory remarks at the end of articles mainly devoted to de? ning â€Å"racism† or attempting to capture the essence of racism itself. In this article, we put the issue of how to best deal with racism front and center. We need not start from scratch, however. Despite not being central to many philosophical discussions about race, a number of different strategies for dealing with racism have been suggested. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and Contact Hypothesis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We have identi? ed three of the most concrete proposals made by philosophers and social theorists, each of which seeks to mitigate racism by inducing psychological changes in individuals. For each, we formulate the line of thought behind the strategy as clearly as we can, supply the psychological justi? cation suggested by its respective advocates, and spell out how the strategy might be concretely applied in practice. Finally, we assess each proposal in light of current empirical work on racial cognition. We conclude that some proposals are likely to fare better than others. Furthermore, the empirical literature shows that even the most promising proposals can be re? ned in light of empirical ?ndings, to help maximize their effectiveness or prevent them from back? ring. 2 Something needs to be said about how we are conceiving of racism, and so what getting rid of it amounts to. Because our discussion will be rather wideranging, we assume an inclusive characterization: A mental state (an emotion, a belief, a motivation, and so on) or an action is racist if it is race-related and if it is morally problematic. We do not take any stance here about what makes racist menta l states and actions morally problematic, but instead rely on an intuitive grasp of the notion. Given this picture of the psychology of racism, we will assess different proposals based on how effective they are in addressing and undermining each of these aspects, according to the available evidence. In what follows, we ? rst consider the idea that disseminating scienti? c information about the biology of race will undermine racism (the dissemination hypothesis). Next, we examine the idea that increasing interracial interactions will weaken various components of racism (the contact hypothesis). Finally, we consider the proposal that, instead of attempting to eliminate racist beliefs and prejudices, people should learn to control them (the self-regulation hypothesis). We end with some concluding remarks on the potential compatibility of the three proposals. 1. The Dissemination Hypothesis According to Naomi Zack, â€Å"[r]acism and widespread ignorance concerning the scienti? c facts about race and racial difference overlap† (Zack 2003a, 263). Her favored approach for dealing with racism ? ows from this conviction, and amounts to a recommendation of explicit education: We should aim to teach people the most important scienti? Built into the meaning and usage of terms like â€Å"water,† â€Å"gold,† or â€Å"race† is a (perhaps tacit) belief that scientists know or will come to know what falls in the extension of these terms. For instance, scientists tell us that anything with the chemical structure H2O properly falls in the extension of â€Å"water. † Sometimes, however, scientists discover Getting Rid of Racism 295 that a putative natural kind term fails to refer to anything at all. Standard examples are terms like â€Å"witch† or â€Å"phlogiston. † When it is discovered that nothing in fact falls within their extension, the terms and corresponding entities are said to have been eliminated. Zack holds that such elimination is the fate destined for race. First, she maintains that racial terms (e. g. , â€Å"Blacks†) function as natural kind terms. Second, she maintains that science has discovered that those racial terms fail to refer to anything because the science of race has revealed that racial groupings are not natural kinds: There is no underlying structure—genetic, psychological, moral, or otherwise—shared by all and only those people grouped together by particular racial terms (Zack 1998, 1999, 2002, 2003a,b). Pairing this reading of the biology of race with her favored theory of the reference of racial terminology, Zack concludes that races will eventually go the way of witches or phlogiston. In her own words: So as the development of modern science contributed to the construction of a secular social ethos that supplanted a religious one, so will the dissemination of conclusions already accepted in the biological sciences eventually contribute to the construction of a raceless society. (Zack 2003b, 144) This does not appear to be happening quickly, however. By all appearances, the folk still believe in the reality of races, and they still tend to structure their social interactions around ideas associated with race. Why? One explanation invoked by Zack appeals to widespread ignorance, â€Å"a failure to recognize that there is no basis for racial categories† (Zack 2002, 13). Given this diagnosis, a solution to the situation is straightforward: Eliminate ignorance by better publicizing and teaching the relevant science. As she puts it, one of the phases of the project of relinquishing false biological notions of race—what she calls the â€Å"cognitive phase† of the project—will be â€Å"the acquisition and distribution of the required information about human biology. This scienti? c literacy will proceed at a slow pace through the academy until it is disseminated at the secondary and primary school levels† (2002, 113). 1. 2 Psychological Justi? cation Zack’s proposal rests on two psychological ideas, each of which we discuss in turn. The ?

The Value Of Honor Essays - Group Processes, Gaming, Medal Of Honor

The Value of Honor There is a priceless respect that everyone in the world possesses, and that is the respect of a person's honor. A person's honor is something that can not be bought, sold, or traded it's something that must be gained by the respect of your peers. An example of how honor is seen in everyday life in through a persons word. A persons honor is supported by their word, and if they do not uphold their word then they are left with nothing. To try and explain the personal trait of honor is something that can not be done in a few words, or a sentence. I feel as though honor is made up of different combinations of personal traits depending on the individual. Some of these characteristics of honor can include loyalty, reverence, respect, and commitment. Even though honor is usually looked at as being a personal trait, there are people who think that honor can only be given, or shown to an individual. Such examples of this can be seen by being presented with a medal, or having a parade thrown in your honor. This is all a horrible misconception of the word honor. A time that honor is displayed more often than any is during a time of war. This is evident through feats of valor, and heroism. Looking at this aspect of honor I feel as though a person who would fight and die for their country would have more loyalty, and commitment to presenting such honor. Such commendations are awarded in the armed forces as a medal of honor. This medal is awarded to an individual who is on active duty, and distinguishes themselves during a conflict or battle. The medal of honor was first awarded during the civil war in the year 1861. Since the medal of honor's creation there has been some 3,400 medals awarded to the different divisions of the armed forces. Until this day there has only been one woman who has received this honor for her service. During World War II there was a black medal of honor awarded for extraordinary heroism in the face of combat. The next instance that I feel honor plays a big role in is in the presidency of The United States of America. This is probably the greatest honor that anyone could obtain in the United States of America. When our president is looked upon as controlling the most powerful country in the world they are looked up to as the strength that makes us a world power. Even in situations where a person who did not vote for the individual that becomes elected to the presidential office, there is an unspoken bond that brings all Americans together as a whole. In such instances as this I feel as though there is more reverence, and respect for the president than there is for any other elected official in the United States. The honor that develops over time in a friendship is one that should never be toyed around with. A good example of this would be two friends losing their friendship because of a woman. A friend is someone that you can trust, someone who's word means something, and a friend is someone that you should not have to question about anything when it comes to their actions. If you take a look at a fraternity there is a great sense of brotherhood and friendship there. There are some fraternities where at the snap of a finger brothers would jump through hoops for each other, but outside of that brotherhood it would be questioned before taking action on the matter. Brotherhood is a bond that can not be broken by anything, anyone, or anything it's a bond that is held together by honor and blood. In my opinion to have honor for yourself is the most important kind of honor to have if any at all. To have honor for ones self is more important than any friend, country, or organization could ever be. Things change, and you will always be there for yourself when no one else can. Because if you can't respect, or be able to remain loyal to yourself then you don't have anyone to rely on at all. The idea of honor is one that should not be taken lightly for any reason at all. For some people honor is all that they have to give. When someone decides to takes that away, and question that persons honor it

Intervention strategies

Intervention strategies Introduction In the process of growth, there are various challenges which are faced by children. This means that there are times when children are able to overcome these challenges and there are times when they are not able to overcome the challenges.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intervention strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essentially, in cases where children are not able to overcome these challenges, there are strategies which are employed towards ensuring that the negative effects of these challenges are mitigated. The focus of this paper is to evaluate how these strategies are employed and how their effects on the general well being of the child under study. What is intervention? The term intervention is a term that is broadly used in many spheres. Essentially, it is a term that implies to come in between with an aim of averting a perceived negative consequence. Intervention may be defined as a log ical and orderly step by step process which is geared to assist the intervener or responder from a state of disequilibrium to at least his or her pre-crisis level of functioning. Intervention may be defined as a set of sequenced planned actions or events which are intended to enhance one’s efficiency and increase effectiveness in light of the existing status quo; thus they are deliberate attempts to change on organism or sub unit towards a different and more effective state (Cummings Worley 2001). The main aspect engrained in the process of intervention is based on the fact that to intervene is to enter into an existing system, with a structured and planned activity, directed at a targeted person, to disturb the status quo and shift the person towards a different state and with a goal of improvement and development (Mee-Yan Linda 2011). The process of intervention follows a given elaborate process which has a number of components. These components include immediacy, control , assessment, disposition, referral and follow-up (Mee-Yan Linda 2011). As far as child intervention is concerned that can include positive strategies, programs and other resources that are designed to target a Childs disruptive behavior. These can help reduce their unwanted behavior so that they do not recur, as often. This can include a less restricted environment or LRE (Karnes 1983) However, a child’s behavior is not the only reason to intervene in their lives, whether at school or at home. There are several reasons that are deemed to be an acceptable reason to do so. One of which is a child’s learning abilities and home/school life. Early intervention is famed to be the most practical and sensible time to intervene, if it has been noticed (Karnes 1983).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Children of an early age, primary or younger, who have been discovered to have some sort of condition that requires extra care, because it may well effect their development, fall into this category. The advantages of noticing these conditions at such an early age, means that service provisions, for children and their families can benefit, hopefully, reducing the overall effects of any given condition. This can help with new or already diagnosed problems (Karnes Lee 1983) Early intervention can be with an individual child and/or their family, depending on the situation, at the time of diagnoses. As well as being in a variety of places or in one singular place. But the majority agrees that early intervention should begin as soon as an occurrence appears (Karnes Lee 1983). So, is early intervention effective? Evidence shows that it is. Over 45 years of quantitative and qualitative research shows that early intervention has a significantly high effect on the outcomes of children and indeed their families, both developmentally and educationally alike enha ncing family life and social acceptance (Karnes Lee 1983). This however, can take years of intervention by several agencies and at a cost, sometimes not available to everyone, causing some children to, ‘slip though the net’ (Karnes Lee 1983). Here is one such case study whose intervention was diagnosed early. The child will be henceforth, known as, child A and their family referred to as, the family of child A. Case Study: Child A Child A is a five year old boy who lives with his mother, father younger brother aged two years and older brother aged 8years. He attends preschools for five mornings per week. However, his mother has been disturbed by his behavior which she has described as unbecoming. He was branded by his mother as a â€Å"terror† as an infant. At about two years old, when he had fully began walking, child A’s activity level increased and he was always climbing on everything that he found and running around precariously without listening to the caution of his older sibling or his parents. This behavior persisted as he joined the preschool. This has led to this child being asked to leave several day care and nursery school settings because of his high activity level, short attention span and his physical aggression towards his peers as well as his family siblings. Essentially, the rate of peer rejection has been reported to be particularly high in children who have been displaying both aggression and ADHD (DuPaul Stoner 2003 ).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intervention strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although he has begun to learn letters and numbers, it seems to be very difficult for his mother or teacher to get him to sit still for any reading or learning activities. It seems that his preference has always been to engage in rough and tumble play. This notwithstanding, he seems to become quite defiant when he asked to sit down and remai n in a more structured quiet activity or pose. On closer observation child A, was reported to have problems or deficits which included inappropriate attempts to join ongoing peer group activities, poor conversational behaviors, employing aggressive solutions and being prone to losing temper control when conflict frustrations are encountered in social situations (Guevremont 1994). Child A and the family From a close observation, it was discovered that Child A’s situation had a major influence in the family. First, it impacted the relationships between him and the parents and secondly it had an impact on the relationship with the siblings. It is worth noting at this point that families have their special and unique challenges, however, when there are challenges which seem to interfere with the very essence of family, the stress levels within the family are likely to increase due to undue pressure. For instance the family of child A faces what we might call logistical problems d ue to the energy which is required to cope with the challenges of bringing up a child who exhibits ADHD. What stood out from the assessment is that there is a consistent irregularity especially because the parents are not able to predict what Child A is up to, this denies the parents the comfort and the ease of bringing up Child A. Furthermore, what was realized was the fact that the family was facing isolation from their relatives owing to the fact that they could not seem to understand the nature of child A. Owing to the fact that child A also exhibits aggressive behavior there has been a strained relationship with the siblings. This is because the relationship between child A and the siblings has been largely characterized by conflict and misunderstanding. In most occasions, the parents have been called quell the feuds. This has eventually impacted the relationships between the family and the other siblings. In conclusion, it would be right to state that the high levels of confli ct which were observed in the child A family were partly attributed to the stress which could â€Å"spill over† into the relationships with other children and the family in entirety.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Diagnosis According to the American Psychiatric Association, the term which describes the children or persons who are exhibiting such extreme problems which have been associated with inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity is known as the attention deficit or hyperactivity disorder or ADHD (American Psychiatric Association 2000). Furthermore, problems of aggression which have been most frequently associated with ADHD include defiance or non compliance with authority figure commands, poor temper control, and argumentativeness and verbal hostility which presently comprise the psychiatric category of oppositional defiance disorder (American Psychiatric Association 2000). In addition, children such as child A who tend to have the trait of displaying aggression and ADHD related difficulties have been reported to be at a greater risk of interpersonal conflict at home, in school (Johnstone Mash 2001) Relative to other childhood disorders, there have been findings that ADHD is a â€Å" high incidence† disorder which has been established to be prominent among the male children (DuPaul Stoner 2003 ). Furthermore, owing to the characteristics which have been established by children who are suffering from this condition, it seems that these children end up having serious adjustments problems in school settings. This has been associated with the inability to sustain attention to effortful tasks, their completion of independent seat work and their performance on class is compromised by the lack of attention to instructions (DuPaul Stoner 2003 ). In school settings, it has been established that these children have been found to be very disruptive and disturbing the entire learning process. For instance, Child A has been found to be in the habit of frequent calling out without permission, he is used to talking to his classmates in class during inappropriate times and he is very aggressive and uncooperative when it comes to dealing with reprimands or frustrating ta sks in class. Child A does not seem to settle down in class, he is always moving around and he is often found to be playing with inappropriate objects. Essentially, teachers and parents frequently report that children with ADHD such as child A underachieve academically compared to their classmates (Barkley 1998). Owing to this, these children have found themselves being denied opportunities as compared to their counterparts without ADHD. This is largely because of their inability to respond to academic material and complete less independent work than their classmates (Pfiffner Barkley 1990). Studies carried out have revealed that children with ADHD often end up into adolescents who are facing the high risks for chronic academic failure as measured by higher rates of grade retention and dropping out rates of school as compared to their peers (Barkley 1998). The strong correlation between hyperactivity and aggression is also well documented in the research literature (Loney Milich 1 982). Intervention Owing to the fact that child A is a child just like any other child there is need to ensure that interventions strategies are put in place to ensure that the child is able to deal with the problems which my be presenting themselves for a secure future. When it comes to interventions, there is need to ensure that apart from the child, the family and the child’s school administration need to be cognizant of intervention strategies which are effective. Types of intervention The heterogeneity in characteristics and symptoms displayed by children diagnosed with ADHD and the variability of their response to treatment means that it is often difficult to decide on the most effective intervention for the affected individuals(Wheeler 2010 ). Though there are several models of intervention, research indicates that a multimodal treatment protocol is more effective than unimodal treatment in addressing the myriad of difficulties associated with this disorder (Weyandt 20 06). Medical interventions Stimulant medications have been found to have positive effects on attention span, impulse control, academic performance and social relationships (Wheeler 2010 ). This is based on the fact that the hormones noradrenalin and dopamine are balanced in the brain by the use of these medications. The aim of medication is to control symptoms and provide a window of opportunity for the child to benefit from teaching – learning experiences provided in the society in general (Alimo-Metcalfe Alban-Metcalfe 2001). Educational interventions Many of the educational and environmental interventions and classroom management strategies already in place in some schools may be differentially appropriate for students who display ADHD characteristics (Wheeler 2010 ). However, educational interventions specifically aimed at children as in the case of child A may need to focus more on homework, organization, memorization, classroom participation and conduct (Robin 1998 ). Nurture groups have also been associated with being an effective intervention approach. For instance, there is evidence that some individuals with ADHD may benefit from this type of setting, which combines the features of a caring, homely environment with those of a standard classroom and where the emphasis is on emotionally supportive and empathic relationships between adults and children (Wheeler 2010 ). Social interventions Studies have revealed that children and young people with ADHD often have poor social skills, finding difficulty in initiating and maintaining friendships just as child A has been. They may be aware of how their behavior affects other people and may, for example, try to join in a game without asking for permission (Wheeler 2010 ). Owing to this, these children may suffer from peer rejection or isolation (DuPaul Stoner 2003 ). Therefore, there is need to impact life skills in these children which shall go along way towards establishing a positive approach towa rds establishing relationships. This shall be accomplished at home by parents, in school and through voluntary agencies (Wheeler 2010 ). There have been a host of suggestions that preschool training should also contain social skills in their curriculum in order to enable children to be better placed in society in their latter years. Alternative or complimentary interventions There are many other alternative and complimentary treatments which have been often used in children with ADHD, however, their reported effectiveness has been variable (Wheeler 2010 ). Many interventions are controversial, and have minimal or no established efficacy for children with ADHD and lack sufficient research evidence (DuPaul Stoner 2003 ). Some of these approaches include the following, cognitive behavior therapy, play therapy and outdoor play in green places, herbal and natural medicines and yoga (Wheeler 2010 ). Marital counseling In families, it has been discovered, just like child A’s family , that ADHD dramatically alters family life and tremendously complicates the job of the parent (Sam Anne.T.Ellison 2002). Family feuds are common in such families owing to the fact that there is no understanding and at times this ends up in one party blaming the other. Sibling rivalry is also a common feature in such ventures. However, this can be contained or controlled by therapeutic strategies to aid families to reduce family stress (Sam Anne.T.Ellison 2002). Marital counseling can aid couples who are having trouble getting along (Gottman and Silver 1999). This is because there is need to ensure that parents understand the kind of children that they have and therefore are able to deal with the problems from an objective point of view. Parent training can help parents intervene more effectively with their children, enjoy their children and reduce the possibilities for children abuse (group 1999). Attachment Theory This is theory which is based on relationships between human bein gs. This theory is based on the fact that children or infants eventually become attached to adults who are sensitive and show concern to their wellbeing in life. This theory was developed by John Bowlby in 1958. Essentially, Bowlby defined attachment as an emotional tie that an infant constructs and elaborates with his principal caregiver(s) in the context of everyday interactions (Benson Haith 2009 ). Furthermore, Benson and Haith state that attachment is different from attachment behavior; while attachment refers to the emotional bond and to a strong predisposition to seek proximity to, and contract with, a specific care giver, attachment behavior is concerned with the desired proximity and contact (Benson Haith 2009 ). In his work, Bowlby acknowledge the fact that quality care to a child has great impact on the well being of the child. For instance, children will tend to develop a cognitive map which describes their relationship with their mother. Mary Ainsworth a contributor t o Bowlby’s theory further asserted that it is not the quantity but it was the quality of the relationship that was of importance in accounting for the different types of infant – mother relationships (Benson Haith 2009 ). Studies reveal that factors which are related to the family environment, parent and child attachment, peer relations, and academic performance may influence the presentation of ADHD related symptoms (Eisen 2007 ). Essentially, attachment theory has been used to explain how early parent child relationships may serve as protective or risk factors for mental illness (Eisen 2007 ). Research carried out has further stressed the fact that attachment issues among children with ADHD are linked to mother’s pregnancy and children’s first year of life (Stiefel 1997), for instance, factors such as insecurity about parenting, lack of significant other or familial support are some of the cause of such cases. Children who are also unsure of whether to approach or avoid their mothers might have difficulty concentrating and paying attention (Eisen 2007 ). Attachment theorist have also proposed that ADHD symptoms are linked to poor attachment between mothers and their children, because the disrupted attachment pattern , in part, leads to impairments in children’s self regulation and interpersonal functioning (Clarke, Ungerer, Chahoud, Johnson and Stiefel 2002). Why intervene Historically, and for many years, ADHD was a condition which most or many believed that it would disappear with age. That is the children would outgrow their behavior difficulties and impulsivities as they moved into adulthood (Sam Anne.T.Ellison 2002). However, studies have revealed that more than 40% of teenagers with ADHD display what would be considered to be a significant rate of behaviors which are antisocial such as fighting, stealing and vandalism (Barkley 1998). This is when they are compared to their non ADHD adolescents. Therefore, there is n eed to intervene early in order to ensure that as the children grow and in our case child A, he should be bale to adjust accordingly to the society and become responsible in his life’s affairs later in life. Children with ADHD when compared to their non ADHD classmates are also at a higher risk for grade retentions, school suspensions, dropping out of school, and substance abuse (Sam Anne.T.Ellison 2002). In addition, statistics from studies reveal that if intervention is not carried out in the right time, then, 25% or more of these children end up developing behavior patterns which are considered antisocial and which are associated with delinquency and adjustment problems characterized by substance abuse, interpersonal difficulties, and occupational instability (Sam Anne.T.Ellison 2002). Ethical considerations It is important to note that it is important to establish the relevance of the standard values when you are working with children. This is because children who are s uffering from certain conditions are most likely to be vulnerable. For instance, it has been agreed that the universal effects of stimulant medications are critical for moderately and severely impaired children with ADHD (Diller 2006 ). However, in an attempt to mitigate the effects of this condition, one opts to use quick fix methods in order to save on time and cost is morally and ethically dubious. Furthermore, there are medications which have side effects which may injure or harm the child in the long run. Conclusion Essentially, every child must have the opportunities to grow and experience the world on their own way. This implies that this responsibility lies with the parents, practitioners and professional who work with children. In our case, child A has the capacity to change and learn to live with his condition. This has been analyzed in light of the strategies which have been discussed. However, we need to realize that it is going to take a consistent effort to be able to achieve that which has been set out to be realized. Early intervention is paramount because it will ensure that the outcomes discussed of adolescents with ADHD are not exhibited. Furthermore, the general attitude of the teacher and the parents is expected to change in light of the discussions in this paper. It is on this basis that this conclusion evaluates some of the changes (in the next section) anticipated after the completion of the entire project. Changes expected Following the observations which were carried out on child A, several changes are expected to be observed in regard to child A’s condition. Essentially, teachers have been reported saying that children with ADHD can be able to improve and they insist that they have improved provided that some interventions strategies are put into place. For instance, the issue of supervision should be given uttermost attention. Studies suggest that when independent work is closely monitored and supervised, children with ADHD a re able to produce a greater quantity and a higher quality of output which is relative to minimal supervision situations (Sam Anne.T.Ellison 2002). Furthermore, these children are also able to show remarkable improvement when they are given activities which they enjoy, stimulate their interests and are in line with their areas of interest. Therapy can not be left out as Beck points out. Cognitive therapy can help someone or an individual to what he calls â€Å"back to reality† which should be geared towards reducing the emotional chaos by thinking clearly about general issues in life (Beck 1995). Therefore child A and his family should be. Reference List Alimo-Metcalfe, B Alban-Metcalfe, J 2001, The development of a new Transformational, Journal of Occupational Organizational Psychology, vol 74, pp. 1-27. American Psychiatric Association, APATFOD-I 2000, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR., 4th edn, American Psychiatric Association, Arlington, VA. Barkley, RA 1998, Attention Deficit hyperactivity disorder:A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, Guilford Press, New York. Beck, J 1995, Cognitive Therapy:Basics and Beyond, Illustrated edn, Guilford Press, New York. Benson, JB Haith, MM 2009 , Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood, illustrated edn, Academic Press, California. Cummings Worley 2001, Organization development and change, 7th edn, Southwestern college publishing, Ohio. Diller, LH 2006 , The last normal child: essays on the intersection of kids, culture, and psychiatric drugs, annotated edn, Greenwood Publishing Group, London. DuPaul, GJ Stoner, GD 2003 , ADHD in the schools: assessment and intervention strategies, 2nd edn, Guilford Press, New York. Eisen, AR 2007 , Treating childhood behavioral and emotional problems: a step-by-step, evidence-based approach, illustrated edn, Guilford Press, New York. group, MC 1999, Fourteen month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for a ttention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder, Archives of general psychiatry, vol 56, pp. 1073-1086. Guevremont, D 1994, Peer relationship problems and disruptive behavior disorders, Journal of emotional and Behavioral Disorders, vol 2, no. 3, pp. 164-172. Johnstone, C Mash, EJ 2001, Families of children with ADHD:Review and recommendations., Clinical child and family psychology review, vol 4, no. 3, pp. 183-207. Karnes, MB 1983, The underserved:Our young gifted children, The Council of Exceptional Children, Reston, VA. Karnes, MB Lee, RC 1983, Early childhood, The Council for Exceptional Children, Reston,VA. Loney, J Milich, R 1982, Hyperactivity, inattention and aggression in clinical practice, in M Wolraich, D Routh (eds.), Advances in developmental and behavioral pediatrics, JAI, Greenwich,Ct. Mee-Yan, C-J Linda, H 2011, Organizational Development: Effective Intervention Strategies for Creating High Performance Cultures, Kogan Page Publishers, London. Paterson, R, Douglas, C, Hal lmayer, J, Hagan, M Krupenia, Z 1999, A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of dextroamphetamine in adults with ADHD, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, vol 33, pp. 494-502. Pfiffner, L Barkley, RA 1990, Educational placement and classroom management, in RA Barkley (ed.), Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, Guilford, New York. Robin, AL 1998 , ADHD in adolescents: diagnosis and treatment, Illustrated edn, Guilford Press, New York. Sam, G Anne.T.Ellison 2002, Clinicians guide to adult ADHD: assessment and intervention, 6th edn, Academic Press, New York. Weyandt, L 2006, ADHD Primer, Routledge, New York. Wheeler, L 2010 , The ADHD Toolkit, illustrated edn, SAGE Publications Ltd , New York.

List of possible risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

List of possible risk - Essay Example This may also subject the respondent to severe loss of reputation since confidentiality and privacy being the reasons normally given by potential respondents for unwillingness to participate in such surveys. This risk can easily be reduced by the members adherence to confidentiality of the survey responses and to make sure no information is leaked to irrelevant persons and in the long run will boost the confidence of the respondents to give all the information required. Also the computers used in storing the information are locked with passwords which are only accessible by the members only. Data and information security is high priority; this is due to the fact that this information is sometimes confidential. The risk of losing or unprotect the data will mean losing the survey and could lead to the share of the information to a third party. Even after carefully planning and survey administration, problems do take place leading to a data which is not sufficiently valid and reliable. Insufficient measures for keeping data, as in computer information systems also result in loss and alteration of data. (Marrett, 2003). Data can also be lost during the analysis, processing and reporting of data information through incorrect transfer of data in the database, this can therefore by use of any kind of backups on the computers used and also by using cloud computing. Data loss through members of the team can also be prevented by the team administering an oath of allegiances, this will make the members to be more careful on the kind of information they share from the survey. (Marrett, 2003). For a survey to give a consistent, relevant and sound evident, the information it provides must be both valid and relevant to the purpose. For the survey to be reliable, all the measurements must be consistent from one individual to the other involved in the survey at different